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Fundamentals of Computer – Semester – II

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Q.1 What is Computer ? Explain different types of Computer ?

Ans – A computer is a programmable machine that processes and manipulates data to perform various tasks. It consists of hardware components, such as a central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and software programs that control its operations. Computers are used extensively in various fields, including business, education, research, entertainment, and personal use.

There are several different types of computers, categorized based on their size, purpose, and functionality. Here are some common types:

  1. Personal Computers (PCs): These are designed for individual use and are commonly found in homes, offices, and schools. PCs come in different forms, such as desktop computers, laptops, and tablets. They are versatile and can handle a wide range of tasks, including word processing, web browsing, multimedia playback, and gaming.
  2. Workstations: Workstations are high-performance computers designed for specialized tasks, such as graphic design, video editing, engineering simulations, and scientific research. They typically have powerful processors, large amounts of RAM, advanced graphics capabilities, and multiple storage options.
  3. Servers: Servers are computers that provide services to other computers on a network. They are optimized for handling large amounts of data, supporting multiple client connections, and running specialized server software. Servers are commonly used for web hosting, database management, file storage, and network management.
  4. Mainframes: Mainframe computers are large and powerful machines used by organizations to handle massive amounts of data and support critical operations. They are known for their reliability, scalability, and ability to process a high volume of transactions simultaneously. Mainframes are commonly used in banking, finance, government, and large enterprises.
  5. Supercomputers: Supercomputers are among the most powerful computers available, designed to perform complex calculations and process vast amounts of data at incredibly high speeds. They are used for scientific research, weather forecasting, molecular modeling, simulations, and other computationally intensive tasks.
  6. Embedded Systems: Embedded systems are specialized computers designed to perform specific functions within a larger system. They are often built into other devices and appliances, such as cars, smartphones, home appliances, medical equipment, and industrial machinery. Embedded systems are typically dedicated to their specific tasks and have limited user interaction.

These are just a few examples of computer types, and there are many other variations and specialized categories based on specific requirements and applications. Advances in technology continually introduce new types of computers to meet evolving needs in various industries

 

Ans – Hardware: Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system that can be touched and seen. It includes devices such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory modules, storage devices (hard drives, solid-state drives), input devices (keyboard, mouse), output devices (monitor, printer), and other peripherals (speakers, scanners, etc.). Hardware provides the physical infrastructure for running software and executing tasks.

Software: Software refers to the programs, instructions, and data that tell the computer what to do. It is a collection of electronic instructions that are stored and executed by hardware components. Software can be broadly categorized into two main types: system software and application software.

Now, let’s explain the difference between system software and application software:

  1. System Software: System software is a type of software that provides a platform and a set of essential functions for the computer system to operate. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware and application software. System software includes the operating system (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux), device drivers (software that allows hardware devices to communicate with the operating system), utilities (tools for system maintenance and optimization), and firmware (software embedded in hardware devices).System software is responsible for managing computer resources, controlling hardware devices, providing a user interface, and facilitating the execution of other software. It is essential for the overall functioning of the computer system but typically does not directly perform specific tasks for end-users.
  1. Application Software: Application software, also known as “apps,” refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks or provide services to end-users. Unlike system software, application software is created to fulfill user needs and perform particular functions. Examples of application software include word processors, web browsers, email clients, spreadsheet applications, media players, graphic design software, and video games. Application software is designed to be user-friendly and typically provides an interface that allows users to interact with the program and accomplish their desired tasks. It relies on the underlying system software to access hardware resources and perform its functions effectively.

In summary, the main difference between system software and application software lies in their purpose and scope. System software provides the fundamental infrastructure for the computer system to operate, while application software serves specific user needs by performing tasks and providing services

Q.3 What is Operating System ? Explain different features of Operating System ?
 
Ans – An operating system (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between the hardware and software components of a computer system. It manages and controls the hardware resources, provides essential services to software applications, and allows users to interact with the computer. Here are some key features of an operating system:
 
  1. Process Management: The operating system manages the execution of processes (programs in execution) by allocating system resources, scheduling tasks, and ensuring proper synchronization and communication among processes.
  2. Memory Management: The OS is responsible for managing the computer’s memory resources. It allocates memory space to processes, tracks memory usage, and handles memory swapping or paging to optimize memory utilization.
  3. File System Management: The operating system provides a file system that organizes and manages files stored on storage devices. It handles file creation, deletion, modification, and access control, as well as directory organization and file storage optimization.
  4. Device Management: The OS manages the communication and interaction between software applications and hardware devices. It handles device drivers, which are software components that enable the operating system to communicate with specific hardware devices such as printers, scanners, and network interfaces.
  5. User Interface: The operating system provides a user interface that allows users to interact with the computer system. This can be a command-line interface (CLI) where users enter commands, a graphical user interface (GUI) with windows, icons, and menus, or a combination of both.
  6. Security: Operating systems incorporate security mechanisms to protect the computer system and its resources. This includes user authentication, access control, encryption, and protection against malware and unauthorized access.
  7. Networking: Many operating systems provide networking capabilities to enable computers to communicate and share resources over a network. They support protocols for network communication, manage network connections, and handle data transmission and reception.
  8. Error Handling and Fault Tolerance: The OS includes error handling mechanisms to detect and handle errors or exceptions that may occur during system operation. It also incorporates fault tolerance techniques to ensure system stability and reliability in the face of hardware or software failures.
  9. Multi-User Support: Some operating systems support multiple users simultaneously, allowing each user to have their own account and personalized environment while sharing system resources.
  10. Virtualization: Virtualization is a feature provided by some operating systems that allows the creation and management of virtual machines (VMs). VMs enable the execution of multiple operating systems or applications on a single physical machine, providing isolation, flexibility, and resource optimization.

These are just some of the features of operating systems. Different operating systems may have additional features or variations based on their design, intended use, and target platforms

Q.4 What is Tally ? Discuss the application of Tally in Accounting ?

 

Ans – Tally is a popular accounting software widely used for financial management and bookkeeping purposes. It is developed by Tally Solutions, an Indian software company. Tally is known for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive features, making it a preferred choice for small and medium-sized businesses.The application of Tally in accounting is extensive and diverse. Here are some key features and functionalities that highlight its significance:

  1. Bookkeeping: Tally provides a range of tools for recording and maintaining financial transactions. It allows businesses to create and manage multiple ledgers, such as cash, bank, sales, purchases, expenses, and more. Users can enter transactions manually or import them from external sources like bank statements.
  2. Financial Statements: Tally enables the generation of various financial statements, including balance sheets, profit and loss statements, cash flow statements, and trial balances. These reports provide a comprehensive overview of the financial health of a business, aiding in decision-making and analysis.
  3. Inventory Management: Tally offers robust inventory management features, allowing businesses to track and control their stock. It helps in managing stock levels, tracking purchases and sales, generating stock reports, and calculating costs of goods sold.
  4. Tax Compliance: Tally facilitates seamless tax compliance by providing features to handle various taxes, such as VAT (Value Added Tax), GST (Goods and Services Tax), TDS (Tax Deducted at Source), and more. It assists in the calculation, recording, and reporting of taxes, ensuring businesses adhere to the applicable tax laws and regulations.
  5. Payroll Management: Tally includes features for payroll management, enabling businesses to handle employee salaries, deductions, reimbursements, and other payroll-related tasks. It automates payroll calculations, generates pay slips, and helps with statutory compliance related to payroll taxes.
  6. Banking and Reconciliation: Tally allows businesses to manage bank accounts, reconcile transactions, and generate bank reconciliation statements. It simplifies the process of matching transactions with bank statements, identifying discrepancies, and ensuring accurate financial records.
  7. Multi-Company and Multi-Currency Support: Tally supports managing multiple companies within a single installation. It also provides functionality for handling transactions in different currencies, making it suitable for businesses operating internationally.
  8. Data Security and Auditing: Tally offers robust data security features, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of financial data. It allows users to assign access rights and permissions, limiting data access to authorized individuals. Additionally, Tally maintains an audit trail, recording all changes made to the data for enhanced transparency and accountability.

Overall, Tally simplifies the accounting process, streamlines financial management, and enhances reporting capabilities for businesses of all sizes. Its comprehensive features and flexibility make it an invaluable tool for maintaining accurate financial records and complying with accounting and tax regulations

 Q.5 Explain the Starting Process of Window Operating System ? Discuss Booting ?
 
Ans –  The starting process of a Windows operating system involves several steps, including the booting process. Let’s discuss the booting process and the overall startup sequence of Windows.

 

  1. Power On: When you turn on your computer, an electrical signal is sent to the power supply, which provides power to the various components of the computer.
  2. Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)/Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI): The BIOS or UEFI firmware is responsible for initializing and configuring hardware components. It performs a Power-On Self-Test (POST) to check the system’s hardware integrity. It also identifies and initializes devices such as the processor, memory, hard drives, and other peripherals.
  3. Boot Sequence: The BIOS/UEFI firmware then searches for the boot device to load the operating system. The boot device is typically the hard drive or an external storage device where the Windows operating system is installed. The boot sequence is configured in the BIOS/UEFI settings.
  4. Master Boot Record (MBR)/GUID Partition Table (GPT): The boot process continues by locating the MBR or GPT, depending on the disk partitioning scheme used. The MBR or GPT contains the initial boot loader.
  5. Boot Loader: The boot loader is responsible for loading the Windows operating system. In the case of Windows, the boot loader is typically the Windows Boot Manager (BOOTMGR) or the newer Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Boot Manager.
  6. Operating System Loading: The boot loader reads the necessary system files from the boot partition, which contains the Windows installation files. These files include the Windows kernel (NTOSKRNL.EXE), hardware drivers, and essential system files.
  7. Windows Kernel Initialization: Once the necessary files are loaded, the Windows kernel initializes and starts running. The kernel is the core component of the operating system, responsible for managing system resources and providing various services to applications.
  8. Logon Process: After the kernel initializes, the logon process begins. The user is presented with the login screen where they can enter their username and password.
  9. User Profile Loading: Once the user logs in, the user profile is loaded. The user profile contains personal settings, preferences, and desktop configurations.
  10. Explorer.exe: The Windows shell, represented by the explorer.exe process, is loaded, which provides the graphical user interface (GUI) for interacting with the operating system. The desktop, taskbar, and other visual elements become visible.
  11. Startup Programs and Services: As the desktop loads, various startup programs and services specified in the user’s profile or system-wide configuration are launched. These programs and services can include antivirus software, system utilities, and other applications configured to start automatically.
  12. System Ready: After all the startup processes are completed, the Windows operating system is ready for use. The user can start using applications, accessing files, and performing tasks on the computer.

It’s worth noting that the exact steps and terminology may vary depending on the specific version of Windows and any customizations made by the user or computer manufacturer. Nonetheless, the general booting process remains relatively similar across Windows operating systems

Q.6 Explain the type of Computer with suitable example ?
Ans – Computers can be broadly classified into several types based on their size, functionality, and purpose. Here are some common types of computers:

 

  1. Personal Computers (PCs): Personal computers are general-purpose computers designed for individual use. They come in various forms, including desktop computers and laptops. PCs are used for a wide range of tasks such as word processing, web browsing, multimedia, gaming, and more. Examples of personal computers include Dell Inspiron desktops and HP Pavilion laptops.
  2. Workstations: Workstations are high-performance computers designed for tasks that require significant computational power, such as graphic design, video editing, 3D modeling, scientific simulations, and engineering applications. Workstations are typically equipped with powerful processors, ample memory, and high-end graphics cards. Examples include the HP Z Workstation series and the Dell Precision workstations.
  3. Servers: Servers are computers that provide services and resources to other computers on a network. They are designed to handle requests, store and manage data, host websites, and run network applications. Servers are often located in data centers and are optimized for reliability, security, and scalability. Examples of servers include the Dell PowerEdge series and the IBM System x servers.
  4. Mainframes: Mainframe computers are large, powerful computers used by large organizations and enterprises. They are designed to handle vast amounts of data processing and support multiple users simultaneously. Mainframes are known for their reliability, security, and ability to run critical applications. Examples include IBM Z mainframes and Unisys ClearPath mainframes.
  5. Supercomputers: Supercomputers are highly specialized computers built for performing complex calculations and solving intensive computational problems. They are used in scientific research, weather forecasting, molecular modeling, and simulations. Supercomputers consist of a large number of processors working in parallel to deliver exceptional processing speed. Examples include the IBM Summit supercomputer and the Cray XC50 supercomputer.
  6. Embedded Systems: Embedded systems are computers designed for specific tasks or functions within a larger system. They are embedded in devices such as automobiles, appliances, medical devices, and industrial machinery. Embedded systems are optimized for reliability, real-time processing, and power efficiency. Examples include the computer systems found in car engine control units, smart thermostats, and medical imaging devices.

These are just a few examples of the various types of computers available today. Each type serves a specific purpose and is tailored to meet the unique requirements of different users and applications

Q.7 Describe the generations of Computer with Example ?
 
Ans – Computers have evolved over time through different generations, each characterized by significant advancements in technology and architecture. Let’s explore the five generations of computers along with examples:

 

  1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):
    • Vacuum Tubes: The first-generation computers used vacuum tubes for processing and memory.
    • Examples: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) are notable first-generation computers.
  2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
    • Transistors: Second-generation computers replaced vacuum tubes with smaller and more reliable transistors.
    • Magnetic Core Memory: Magnetic core memory was introduced, providing faster and more reliable data storage.
    • Examples: IBM 1401 and CDC 1604 are prominent second-generation computers.
  3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
    • Integrated Circuits: Third-generation computers utilized integrated circuits (ICs) containing multiple transistors on a single chip.
    • Operating Systems: Operating systems emerged, enabling multitasking and resource management.
    • Examples: IBM System/360 and DEC PDP-11 represent third-generation computers.
  4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):
    • Microprocessors: The introduction of microprocessors revolutionized computing by integrating the entire central processing unit (CPU) onto a single chip.
    • Personal Computers: Fourth-generation saw the rise of personal computers (PCs) for individual use.
    • Examples: IBM PC, Apple II, and Commodore 64 are iconic fourth-generation computers.
  5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):
    • VLSI Technology: Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology enabled the creation of highly complex and powerful microchips.
    • Artificial Intelligence (AI): Fifth-generation computers focused on AI, natural language processing, and expert systems.
    • Examples: IBM Watson and Deep Blue, as well as modern smartphones and supercomputers, can be considered fifth-generation computers.

It’s important to note that the generations of computers are not rigidly defined and can overlap to some extent. Additionally, the distinction between generations is based on major technological advancements rather than strict timeframes.

The advancements in each generation have led to smaller, faster, more powerful, and more accessible computers that have shaped our modern computing landscape

Q.8 Differentiate between Internal and External Commands ?

Ans – In the context of computer systems and operating systems, internal commands and external commands refer to two different types of commands that can be executed.

  1. Internal Commands:
    • Internal commands are built-in commands provided by the operating system’s command interpreter or shell.
    • They are stored within the command interpreter and do not require external executable files.
    • Internal commands are typically small utilities or functions that perform specific operations within the command-line interface.
    • They are executed directly and quickly, without the need to load an external program.
    • Examples of internal commands in the Windows Command Prompt are: CD (change directory), DIR (list directory contents), COPY (copy files), DEL (delete files), and HELP (display help information).
  2. External Commands:
    • External commands are commands that are stored in separate executable files on the computer’s storage device.
    • They are standalone programs or utilities that perform specific tasks.
    • External commands are executed by providing the command name followed by any required arguments or options.
    • When an external command is executed, the operating system locates and loads the corresponding executable file from the storage device.
    • Examples of external commands in the Windows Command Prompt are: PING (send network requests to a specific IP address), IPCONFIG (display network configuration information), FORMAT (format a storage device), and XCOPY (copy files and directories with additional options).

In summary, the main difference between internal and external commands lies in their execution and location. Internal commands are part of the operating system’s command interpreter and are executed directly from memory, while external commands are separate executable files stored on the computer’s storage device and are loaded when needed

Q.9 What is Booting ? Explain the Booting in Computer System ?

Ans –

Booting refers to the process of starting or initializing a computer system. When a computer is powered on or restarted, it goes through a series of steps known as the booting process to load the operating system and prepare the system for use. The booting process involves several stages, which I will explain below:

  1. Power On: When the computer is turned on or receives power, the basic hardware components, such as the motherboard, power supply, and peripherals, are activated.
  2. Power-On Self-Test (POST): The computer’s firmware, known as the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface), performs a self-check called POST. POST verifies the proper functioning of essential hardware components like the CPU, memory, keyboard, and storage devices. If any errors are detected during POST, error messages may be displayed, indicating a hardware issue.
  3. Boot Sequence: After the POST, the BIOS or UEFI firmware determines the boot sequence. The boot sequence specifies the order in which the computer searches for a bootable device to load the operating system. It typically checks for bootable devices like the hard drive, solid-state drive, optical drive, USB drive, or network (PXE boot).
  4. Boot Loader: Once the bootable device is identified, the computer looks for the boot loader. The boot loader is a small program responsible for loading the operating system into memory. In Windows systems, the boot loader is typically the Windows Boot Manager (BOOTMGR) or the newer UEFI Boot Manager.
  5. Operating System Loading: The boot loader loads the operating system kernel and other essential system files from the chosen boot device into the computer’s memory (RAM). These files are necessary for the operating system to start functioning.
  6. Initialization: Once the operating system is loaded into memory, the initialization process begins. The initialization involves setting up various system components, initializing device drivers, establishing network connections, and configuring system settings.
  7. User Login: After initialization, the computer presents the user with a login screen or desktop environment. The user can enter their credentials (username and password) to access the operating system.
  8. System Ready: Once the user logs in, the computer is considered “booted” or “ready.” The user can now interact with the operating system, launch applications, and perform tasks.

It’s important to note that the booting process can vary depending on the computer’s hardware, firmware (BIOS or UEFI), and the specific operating system being used. However, the general concept of booting remains consistent, involving the initialization of hardware, loading the operating system, and preparing the computer for user interaction

Q.10 Distinguish between Classification and tabulation . Mention the different types of Classification ?

Ans – Classification and tabulation are two methods used in data organization and analysis. Let’s distinguish between the two and discuss the types of classification.

  1. Classification:
    • Classification refers to the process of grouping similar objects, data, or information into categories or classes based on their common characteristics or attributes.
    • It involves categorizing data or objects into distinct groups to simplify understanding, analysis, and presentation.
    • Classification is used to organize data systematically, enabling efficient retrieval and comparison.
    • Examples of classification include categorizing books by genre, classifying animals into different species, or organizing products into product categories.
  2. Tabulation:
    • Tabulation involves presenting data in the form of tables or grids, systematically arranging data into rows and columns for easy comprehension and analysis.
    • It provides a structured format to represent data, making it easier to compare and summarize information.
    • Tabulation is often used to condense and summarize large amounts of data, allowing for quick analysis and identification of patterns.
    • Examples of tabulation include creating a table to display sales data by region and month or organizing survey responses into a table to analyze trends.

Different Types of Classification:

  1. Hierarchical Classification: In hierarchical classification, data or objects are organized in a hierarchical structure, with categories arranged in a tree-like fashion. Each category or class is a subset of another category, forming a hierarchical relationship. For example, in the classification of living organisms, the hierarchical classification system includes kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species.
  2. Binary Classification: Binary classification involves dividing data or objects into two mutually exclusive categories or classes. It assigns each object to either one category or the other based on specific criteria. For instance, in email filtering, messages can be classified as either spam or non-spam (ham).
  3. Multiclass Classification: Multiclass classification involves categorizing data or objects into more than two distinct classes or categories. Each object is assigned to a single class among several possible classes. An example is classifying images into various categories such as animals, vehicles, or landscapes.
  4. Numeric Classification: Numeric classification involves assigning data or objects to specific numerical ranges or intervals. It is commonly used when dealing with continuous or quantitative data. For instance, grouping individuals into age ranges (0-18, 19-30, 31-50, etc.) is an example of numeric classification.
  5. Categorical Classification: Categorical classification involves dividing data or objects into distinct categories or classes based on qualitative attributes or characteristics. For example, classifying survey responses as “Strongly Agree,” “Agree,” “Neutral,” “Disagree,” or “Strongly Disagree” represents categorical classification.

These are some of the common types of classification methods used to organize and categorize data. Each type of classification has its own purpose and application, allowing for effective data organization, analysis, and decision-making