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Shumang Leela

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The artists of Shumang Leela are bearing the brunt of the enduring ethnic violence in Manipur which is also jeopardising the vibrant cultural fabric of the state.

About Shumang Leela:

  • It is a traditional form of theatre in Manipur.
  • In this, the roles of female artists are all played by male actors and male characters are played by female artists in the case of female theatre groups.
  • It was started as a comic genre for royalty and has evolved into a powerful medium for mass education, entertainment, and relaxation. 
  • In this, the roles of women are all played by men, called Nupi Shabis.
  • The tradition is believed to be descended from Lai Haraoba,a ritual of the Meitei community of Manipur.
  • Purpose: The plays provide a vehicle for educating the public about social, political, and economic issues.
  • Types – Shumang Leela is of two types
  • Nupa Shumang Leela– It is Performed only by men
  • Nupi Shumang Leela– It is Performed only by women

What is Lai Haraoba?

  • Lai Haraoba is a religious festival celebrated by the Meitei people who are largely settled in and around Manipur.
  • It is held at neighbourhood shrines dedicated to the local umanglai deities.
  • It is observed in the months between February and May-June.


Snow Leopard

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The first scientific survey of the snow leopard in India shows the country is home to 718 of the elusive cats, the government said recently.

About Snow Leopard:

  • It is a large, long-haired Asian cat, classified as either Panthera uncia or Uncia uncia in the family Felidae. 
  • Geographic Range:
  • Snow leopards live across a vast area in northern and central Asia’s high mountains, including the Himalayan region.
  • In the Himalayas, they live in high alpine areas, mostly above the tree line and up to 18,000 feet in elevation.
  • They are found in 12 countries, including China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Russia, and Mongolia.
  • In India, it is seen in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
  • Features:
  • Measuring from nose to tail, the length of an average adult is 1000 to 1300 mm.
  • They have thick grey and yellow-tinged fur, with solid spots on their head, neck, and lower limbs and rosettes over the rest of the body.
  • They also have very long, thick tails that they use for balancing on rocks and wrapping around their bodies for protection from the cold. 
  • They are solitary, and the only prolonged social contact occurs while females are raising their cubs.
  • Conservation status:
  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
  • CITES: Appendix I 
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I


Eravikulam National Park

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Eravikulam National Park (ENP), the natural habitat of the Nilgiri tahr, will soon be closed for the calving season of the species.

About Eravikulam National Park:

  • Location: It is located along the Western Ghats in the Idukki district of Kerala.
  • It was declared a National Park in 1978.
  • The Park covers an area of 97 sq. km.
  • The highest peak south of the Himalayas, the Anamudi (2695 metres), is situated on the southern side of the park.
  • This is also the land of “Neelakurinji”, the flower that blooms once every twelve years.
  • Climate: The park receives heavy showers during the southwest (June/July) and retreating (October/November) monsoons and is one of the wettest areas in the world.
  • Vegetation: The major part of the park is covered with rolling grasslands, but several patches of shola forests are also found in the upper part of the valley. 
  • Flora:
  • Important flora includes Actinodaphne bourdilloni, Microtropis ramiflora, Pittosporum tetraspermium, Sysygium aronottianum, Chrysopogon Zelanieus, etc.
  • The shola grasslands are exceptionally rich in balsams and orchids, including the long-thought-extinct variety Brachycorythis wightii.
  • Fauna:
  • The Nilgiri Tahr, Gaur, Sloth Bear, Nilgiri Langur, Tiger, Leopard, Giant Squirrel, and wild dog are the common species.
  • Half of the world population of the endangered Nilgiri Tahr lives here.
  • The Atlas moth, the largest of its kind in the world, is seen in this park.
  • 140 species of birds, of which 10 are unique to the Western Ghats. More than 100 varieties of butterflies have been recorded here. 

Key Facts about Nilgiri Tahr:

  • It is an endangered mountain ungulate endemic to the southern part of the Western Ghats. 
  • Scientific Name: Nilgiritragus hylocrius
  • Locally, the animal is called ‘Varayaadu’.
  • They are known for their gravity-defying skills in climbing steep cliffs, earning them the nickname Mountain Monarch.
  • It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
  • Distribution:
  • Their present distribution is limited to approximately 5% of the Western Ghatsin southern India (Kerala and Tamil Nadu).
  • Eravikulam National Parkin Kerala has the highest density and largest surviving population of Nilgiri tahr. 
  • Habitat: They inhabit the open montane grassland habitatsat elevations from 1200 to 2600 m of the South Western Ghats.
  • Features:
  • It has a stocky body with short, coarse furand a bristly mane. 
  • Both sexes have curved horns, which are larger in the males, reaching up to 40 cm in males and 30 cm in females. 
  • Adult males develop a light grey area or ’saddle’ on their backsand are hence called ‘saddlebacks’.
  • It has a short grey-brown or dark coat.
  • Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Endangered
  • Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972: Schedule I


Bharat 5G Portal

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Recently, the Secretary, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications (MoC), launched the “Bharat 5G Portal- an integrated portal” on the sidelines of ‘Bharat Telecom 2024’.

About Bharat 5G Portal:

  • It is a comprehensive platform serving the interests of startups, industry and academia in quantum, 6G, IPR and 5G domains.
  • It also features the Future Tech-Experts registration portal in collaboration with PANIIT USA, aimed to help and advise the Indian Telecom ecosystem to advance the goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat.
  • It acts as a one-stop solution for all quantum, IPR, PoCs/Pilot, 5G and 6G-related works capturing academic R&D developments, industry standards, OEMs, startups/MSMEs, and subject matter experts.
  • It aims to propel India’s 5G capabilities and foster innovation, collaboration, and knowledge-sharing within the telecom sector.


Yojana Summary : January 2024

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Yojana Summary : January 2024

Chapter 1 : The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 Conception and Development

  • The ministries in the Centre and the States/UTs have been trying to reduce the compliance burden on businesses and citizens. It can be reduced by decriminalising minor offences.
  • In this regard, the idea of a common amendment bill to unify decriminalisation efforts across sectors, saving time for both the judiciary and the legislative department, was put forward by the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India.
  • The Jan Vishwas Act, 2023 was initiated to
    • simplify legal processes,
    • reduce compliance burden, and
    • foster a more business-friendly environment.
  • It prioritised a balanced legal framework to replace non-harmful and minor criminal offences with administrative actions and civil penalties respectively.
  • The coordination across 19 Union Ministries for the Jan Vishwas Act required meticulous planning and clear communication channels. Regular consultations, inter-ministerial meetings, and a shared commitment to regulatory reforms were key to effective coordination. Challenges were addressed through extensive briefings, informal communication channels, and proactive approaches to swiftly resolve concerns, maintaining overall momentum.
  • Stakeholder engagement during the formulation of the Jan Vishwas Act involved consultations at the ministry level and comprehensive efforts with industry associations. Regular communication channels were established to understand specific challenges faced by different industries, ensuring a balanced and practical approach. This highlights the government’s commitment towards ease of doing business.
  • The Act addressed provisions across 42 Acts administered by 19 ministries, presenting challenges in managing such a comprehensive legislative overhaul. Common directions, a committee, and extensive legal vetting played pivotal roles in ensuring consistency across amendments.
  • Aligning the interests and objectives of various ministries was a major challenge during the Act’s development.
    • In this regard, the guidance of the PM and the Cabinet Secretary helped to align the respective amendments of different ministries by providing a common aim and vision.
    • Additionally, a committee comprising CEO NITI Aayog, the Department of Legal Affairs (DoLA), the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), and the respective ministries and departments was formed to establish principles guiding the decriminalisation process.
  • The Act addresses provisions ranging across 42 Acts administered by 19 ministries.
    • Common directions issued to all respective Ministries helped to address the complexities by setting a unified and cohesive approach.
    • In addition, a committee of representatives from CEO NITI Aayog, the Department of Legal Affairs, and the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, helped set common principles serving as a guiding framework.
      • One such principle was to specifically target the general criminal provisions (provisions prescribing punishments for any contraventions applicable across the Act). The strategy was to identify serious contraventions for separate criminalisation while decriminalising minor provisions. For example, the general provision under the Environment Protection Act (Section 15) prescribed punishment for all contraventions under the Act with imprisonment of up to five years. It has been amended under the Jan Vishwas Act, 2023 to be replaced with specified ranges of penalty according to the gravity of offences. The amendments were legally vetted extensively.
    • Inter-ministerial consultations also helped in better collaboration.
  • It also reduces the workload of an overburdened judiciary.
    • It achieves this by decriminalising (and replacing them with civil penalties or administrative actions) minor offences involving no harm to the public interest or national security.
    • Severe criminal consequences are no longer attached to minor technical, and procedural defaults.
    • The courts will no longer need to adjudicate upon majority cases originating from 183 provisions across 42 Acts after the implementation of the Jan Vishwas Act.
    • Some legislatures also introduced suitable adjudication mechanisms wherever applicable and feasible. In addition, appellate mechanisms have also been introduced as grievance redressal forums for dissatisfactions arising from decisions of adjudicating officers related to the penalty.

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  • Presenting the Jan Vishwas Act to the Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) involved a meticulous process of addressing considerations and challenges. Transparent communication, detailed presentations, and responsiveness to the committee’s concerns were crucial in accommodating recommendations, except for the retrospective effect, which was deemed not feasible.
    • The Jan Vishwas Act underwent a thorough review by the JPC, which made general recommendations, most of which were accepted by the ministries. Challenges included addressing the JPC’s recommendation on retrospective effect, which was carefully examined and deemed unfeasible.
  • Principles and learnings from the Jan Vishwas Act can guide future efforts, such as Jan Vishwas 2.0. These include directions from higher authorities, recommendations from the JPC, and a multifaceted approach to decriminalisation. The Act’s success rested on collaborative efforts, transparency, and a commitment to incorporating valuable feedback into the legislative framework.

Chapter 2 : Trusting Citizens Decriminalisation Way

  • The experience of drafting the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2023 (Jan Vishwas Bill) was a unique and challenging endeavour for the Legislative Department of India.
  • The Jan Vishwas Bill is part of the Indian Prime Minister’s broader vision to trust the people and implement measures aimed at easing living and doing business in the country.
    • It aligns with initiatives such as self-attestation of documents, the creation of a national judicial data grid, and various other reforms in goods and services tax, insolvency, and bankruptcy laws.
    • Notably, the Jan Vishwas law represents a significant shift by converting criminal punishments into monetary penalties, promoting trust-based governance.
  • The drafting team faced several challenges in this unprecedented task. With no exact legislative precedents and a diverse range of subjects involved, the team had to navigate uncharted drafting territory.
    • Initially proposed to amend around 30 enactments, the bill ended up amending 42 Central Acts with 182 provisions, spanning pre- and post-independence Acts.
    • The drafting process required collaboration with 19 administrative ministries, vetting 42 draft notes for the Cabinet, and drafting an equal number of Amendment Bills.
  • The urgency and timeliness of the task were evident, given the government’s policy agenda focused on the ‘Ease of Living’ and the ‘Ease of Doing Business.’ The decision to draft a single bill covering all amendments to different acts, rather than individual bills, streamlined the process and reduced the burden on the Cabinet.
  • The primary objective of the Jan Vishwas Bill is to replace imprisonment with monetary penalties for minor offences, rationalise penalties based on offence gravity, and facilitate adjudication by authorities other than criminal courts.
    • A key innovation involves incorporating provisions for periodic revision of fines and penalties to match inflation, ensuring fairness and proportionality.
  • The drafting team also had to address the need for a suitable saving clause, considering the repeal of provisions in various Acts. The clause aimed to ensure that actions taken under the repealed provisions would remain valid.
  • The long and short titles of the bill were carefully crafted to reflect the Prime Minister’s vision of ‘decriminalising’ and ‘rationalising’ offences for the ‘Ease of Doing Business.’
  • The Jan Vishwas Act, despite being an amending legislation, holds a permanent place in the statute book. Its unique features, including the conversion of imprisonments into monetary penalties and periodic revisions, contribute to its lasting significance. There may be more Jan Vishwas Acts in the future, indicating a potential paradigm shift in trust-based governance and legislative approaches in India.

Chapter 3 : Government e-Marketplace (GeM) Leading the Digital Wave

  • Government e-Marketplace (GeM), established in August 2016, is a robust digital portal facilitating end-to-end procurement for Central and State Government departments, organisations, and public sector undertakings (PSUs).
  • It provides a paperless, cashless, and contactless ecosystem for government buyers to directly purchase goods and services from sellers across India.
  • GeM covers the entire procurement process, from vendor registration to receipt of goods and timely payments.
  • The need for a digital solution in public procurement arose due to the challenges of an opaque, time-consuming, and corrupt system that was prone to cartelisation.
    • GeM was envisioned to replace manual processes, making public procurement more efficient, transparent, and inclusive. The platform aimed to establish a competitive marketplace for quality goods and services at reasonable rates.
  • GeM’s genesis lies in transforming the public procurement ecosystem through a technologically advanced, digital-only platform. Digitalization has led to higher process efficiencies, improved transparency, reduced cycle times, and increased trust among bidders. The platform supports hassle-free digital transactions, empowering buyers and sellers nationwide.
  • Despite challenges, GeM has witnessed significant year-on-year growth. In the first year, it recorded a Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) of ~INR 420 crore. In FY 21-22, transactions grew to INR 1 lakh crore, and in FY 22-23, an 88% growth was achieved, surpassing INR 2 lakh crore worth of GMV. GeM aims to breach the 3 lakh crore GMV mark in FY 23-24.
  • Initially, the GeM platform developed a wide range of product categories. But, it rapidly expanded its portfolio to include a large variety of service offerings as well.
    • One of the shining lights in GeM’s success story is the order value in services, with exponential growth over the last 3 years. It witnessed 168% growth in FY 22-23 over the last year. It has received 4.8 lakh service orders valued at more than INR 2 lakh crore since its inception.
  • GeM is a category-driven e-marketplace with over 11,600 product categories and 300+ service categories.
  • GeM promotes Ease of Doing Business by connecting buyers, sellers, and service providers in a unified platform. The platform’s features include a dynamic goods and services platform, diverse buying modes, contract management, cashless payments, and a trust-based rating system.
  • GeM has played a pivotal role in empowering sellers of diverse backgrounds, including MSMEs, startups, women entrepreneurs, artisans, and self-help groups. The platform ensures inclusivity, providing a level playing field in government tenders. GeM Sahay, a mobile application, addresses credit access challenges for MSMEs and startups, offering loans at the point of order acceptance.
  • Looking ahead, GeM plans to revamp and upgrade its platform with advanced technologies, focusing on artificial intelligence, machine learning, augmented reality, and virtual reality.
    • The platform aims to enhance user experience, improve transparency, and promote inclusivity in public procurement processes.
    • GeM is committed to expanding its regional footprint, integrating government buyers from all tiers, and prioritising environmentally sustainable products and services to contribute to the country’s net-zero carbon emissions commitment.

Chapter 4 : Delicate Balance: Regulatory Enforcement & Favourable Business Environment

Overview of Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023:

  • The Act marks a monumental shift in India’s regulatory landscape, decriminalizing 183 provisions across 42 Acts administered by 19 ministries.
  • Aims to balance regulatory enforcement and create a business-friendly environment, reflecting a departure from conventional approaches.

Penalty Modification for Enhanced Deterrence:

  • Substantial modification of penalties replaces imprisonment with higher fines/penalties for various offenses.
  • Strategic shift focuses on effective deterrence against violations without disrupting business operations.

Industry’s Demand for Decriminalization:

  • Long-standing industry demand for decriminalization to enhance the investment climate.
  • Criminal cases against directors for minor operational offenses had created a deterrent effect and hindered businesses from realizing their full potential.

FICCI’s Principles of Decriminalization:

  • Directors, especially independent directors, should not be held liable for operational non-compliance.
  • Proposes no criminal liability for technical errors, only financial penalties.
  • Advocates a graded penalty system for subsequent non-compliance.

Global Alignment in Regulatory Frameworks:

  • Act aligns with global trends emphasizing financial consequences over custodial sentences.
  • Essential for India’s integration into the global business landscape and showcases commitment to international standards.

Impact on Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs):

  • Act simplifies regulatory frameworks, reducing the burden on MSMEs in day-to-day operations.
  • Provides a more level playing field, benefiting MSMEs in competing with global counterparts.

Jan Vishwas 2.0: Recommendations and Considerations:

  • FICCI recommends additional considerations for the ongoing Jan Vishwas 2.0 exercise.
  • Proposes differentiation between technical lapses and serious offenses.
  • Suggests provisions for compounding offenses to streamline compliance and reduce litigation.

Sector-Specific Recommendations:

  • Highlights specific sections in labour codes, legal metrology, and environmental laws for modification.
  • Advocates revisiting penalties to better align with business interests in these sectors.

Challenges and Solutions:

  • Acknowledges challenges at the state level due to overriding central legislation.
  • Urges a targeted approach, with major states leading in the decriminalization process to enhance ease of doing business.

Significance of Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023:

  • Recognizes the transformative impact of the Act on creating a more business-friendly environment in India.
  • Stresses the need for continuous efforts at both central and state levels to address decriminalization effectively.

Way Forward:

  • Encourages states to follow the example of Haryana in initiating the process of decriminalizing certain laws.
  • Emphasizes the importance of reducing burdensome compliances to enhance the ease of doing business and living for citizens.

Conclusion:

  • The Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023, stands as a landmark initiative reshaping India’s regulatory approach.
  • Ongoing efforts and collaborative action at both central and state levels are imperative for sustaining and expanding the positive impact of decriminalization on businesses and the overall economic landscape.

Chapter 5 : Indo-African Relationship amidst South-South Cooperation

Introduction to Global South Dynamics:

  • The Global South emerges as a distinct voice in international multilateralism, representing developing countries’ aspirations for recognition and power.
  • Challenges include adverse global terms of trade, limited investment opportunities, sovereign debt concerns, and recent crises like climate change, COVID-19, conflict, and the rising cost of living.

India’s Role in Global South:

  • India, as the founder of NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) and an active participant in G77 deliberations, positions itself as a legitimate voice for the Global South.
  • Utilizes reputational capital to secure wins in global rule-making and addresses issues of concern to developing nations.

Historical Ties between India and Africa:

  • Ancient trade between the Indus Valley and African civilizations documented.
  • Maritime interactions between ancient Egypt and Indian rulers through the Indian Ocean established a ‘monsoon culture.’
  • Mahatma Gandhi’s moral and political awakening in South Africa solidifies ties with African leaders expressing gratitude for Gandhian ethics.

India’s Contribution to African Development:

  • India actively participates in UN peacekeeping missions, supporting newly independent African states.
  • Bandung Conference marks a milestone in South-South Cooperation (SSC), challenging Northern-dominated systems.

Indo-African Cooperation Dynamics:

  • Focus on UN Security Council reforms, health equity, climate justice, and energy security strengthens bilateral and plurilateral engagements.
  • Engagement extends to regional organizations, including ECOWAS, the African Continental Free Trade Agreement, BRICS, OIC, ADB, NDB, and more.

Indo African Cooperation Dynamics

Economic and Trade Relations:

  • Trade volume records a fourteen-fold increase between 2001 and 2013.
  • India has become one of the top 5 investors in Africa with a hybrid engagement strategy.
  • Trade diversification, private investments, and initiatives like the India-Africa Partnership Project contribute to reaching $100 billion in trade by 2022-23.

Developmental Initiatives and Investment:

  • Initiatives like Exim Bank’s Focus Africa Programme and India-Africa Partnership Project promote development.
  • Comprehensive economic cooperation agreements, trade pacts, and investment in various sectors contribute to mutual growth.

South-South Cooperation Strategies:

  • South-South Cooperation (SSC) evolves as a rule-maker, challenging traditional power dynamics.
  • Triangular cooperation frameworks, such as g7+, aim for mutual benefit and shared goals.

Prescriptions for Enhanced Cooperation:

  • Focus on building productive capacities, especially in agriculture, food security, and rural development.
  • Strengthen governance standards, improve human and social development through aid and investments, and explore debt-for-nature swap agreements.

Challenges and Future Initiatives:

  • Challenges include trade issues, political instability, logistics costs, and securitization of African resources.
  • Future initiatives should be result-driven, demand-driven, and context-agnostic, focusing on human resources, knowledge, technology, and sustainability.

Role of South-South Cooperation in Global Development:

  • South-South Cooperation should be proactive in aligning with national systems and achieving global targets like SDGs and MDGs.
  • Collaboration networks must deepen to avoid fragmentation and maximize the benefits of aid.

Conclusion:

  • Indo-African relations, embedded in the principles of South-South Cooperation, have evolved into a strategic partnership with economic, trade, and developmental dimensions.
  • The future requires continued efforts towards mutual growth, addressing challenges, and fostering deeper cooperation in the evolving landscape of global development.


Generative AI

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A new report predicts that Generative AI (genAI) is poised to become a $100 billion industry by 2026.

About Generative AI:

  • Generative AI, or generative artificial intelligence, is a form of artificial intelligence (AI) in which algorithms automatically produce content in the form of text, images, audio, and video.
  • Unlike traditional AI systems that are designed to recognize patterns and make predictions, generative AI creates new content.
  • Generative AI is powered by foundation models (large AI models) that can multi-task and perform out-of-the-box tasks, including summarization, Q&A, classification, and more. 
  • These systems have been trained on massive amounts of data.
  • It works by using a Machine Learning (ML) model to learn the patterns and relationships in a dataset of human-created content. It then uses the learned patterns to generate new content. 
  • Typically, it starts with a simple text input, called a prompt, in which the user describes the output they want. Then, various algorithms generate new content according to what the prompt is asking for.
  • Popular Generative AI Tools:
    • ChatGPT: ChatGPT is an AI-powered chatbot developed by OpenAI, with a unique ability to not only generate written content but also converse with users fluently.
    • Bard: Bard is a generative AI chatbot created by Google, based on LaMDA language model technology. It can answer questions asked by users or create new content from text or image prompts.

What is Machine Learning (ML)?

  • It is defined as a discipline of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides machines with the ability to automatically learn from data and past experiences to identify patterns and make predictions with minimal human intervention.
  • Machine learning methods enable computers to operate autonomously without explicit programming.
  • ML applications are fed with new data and they can independently learn, grow, develop, and adapt.
  • ML algorithms use computation methods to learn directly from data instead of relying on any predetermined equation that may serve as a model.


Mitochondrial coxiella effector F (MceF)

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Researchers recently discovered a previously unidentified protein named mitochondrial coxiella effector F (MceF) with antioxidant properties produced by Coxiella burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium.

About Mitochondrial coxiella effector F (MceF):

  • It is a bacterial protein capable of keeping human cells healthy even when the cells have a heavy bacterial burden. 
  • It is produced by Coxiella burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium.
  • After invading host cells, Coxiella burnetii releases MceF into cells.
  • MceF interacts with glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), an antioxidant enzyme located in the mitochondria, to improve mitochondrial function by promoting an anti-oxidizing effect that averts cell damage and death, which may occur when pathogens replicate inside mammalian cells.

Key Facts about Coxiella burnetii:

  • It is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium.
  • It is the causative agent of a serious infection called Q fever, a zoonotic disease that can affect humans and animals.
  • The bacterium is primarily transmitted to humans through the inhalation of contaminated aerosols from infected animals, particularly through the air-borne particles from placental tissues, urine, faeces, and milk of infected domestic animals like cattle, sheep, and goats.
  • It causes atypical pneumonia in humans and coxiellosis in some animals, such as cattle, sheep, and goats.
  • It is highly adapted to invade and control macrophages and monocytes–white blood cells that are part of the organism’s front-line immune defence–inhibiting the host’s responses to the infection.
  • Unlike other bacteria, which cause disease only when they multiply to reach large numbers, a single C. burnetii is enough to make a healthy person sick.


INS Sumitra

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The Indian Navy’s INS Sumitra recently rescued fishermen hijacked by pirates along the east coast of Somalia and the Gulf of Aden.

About INS Sumitra:

  • It is the fourth and last Saryu-class patrol vessel of the Indian Navy.
  • It is based on an indigenous design and constructed by Goa Shipyard Limited.
  • It was commissioned in 2014 and is based in Chennai under the Eastern Naval Command.
  • The primary role of the ship is to undertake surveillance of the country’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ) besides other operational tasks such as anti-piracy patrols, fleet support operations, maritime security of offshore assets, and escort operations.
  • Features:
    • Measuring about 105 metres in length, 13 metres in breadth, and displacing 2,200 tonnes, the ship can achieve a speed of 25 knots.
    • The ship has a range of 6,500 nautical miles.
    • It is propelled by two diesel engines.
    • The ship’s weapon and sensor outfits include a 76.2 mm gun (super rapid gun mount), close-in weapon systems, and the latest navigational and early warning radars.
    • It is capable of embarking one Dhruv/Chetak helicopter.
    • It is also equipped with two rigid inflatable fast-motor boats.


AISHE 2021-22

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All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) 2021–22 was made public on January 25, 2024.

  • Initiated in – 2011.
  • Aim – To give complete picture of Higher Education in the country.
  • 3 Categories – Universities, Colleges and Stand-alone institutions.
  • Data source – Voluntary uploading of data by institutions of Higher Education listed in www.aishe.gov.in portal.
  • AISHE 2021-22 – It was the 11th Survey and 1st Survey conducted through Web Data Capture Format (DCF).

For the 1st time, all the major Stakeholders in Higher Education, such as UGC, AICTE, MCI as well as State Governments participated in the data collection exercise for AISHE 2021-22.

Key takeaways from AISHE 2021-22 Report

  • Increase in enrolment – 4.33 crore students, up from 2020-21 level, captured in 8 different levels.

Aishe2021

  • Primacy of government institutions – 73.7% of all students attend government universities, where state public universities have the largest share of enrolment, accounting for around 31%.
  • Higher enrolment of females – It has steadily increased to 2.07 crores in 2021-22, a 32% jump from 2014-15 levels with the highest numbers at the post graduate level, 55.4% are women.
  • Gender Enrolment Ratio – It is 28.4 for the age group 18-23 years at all India level (population data from the 2011 census) and is in favour of women in 26 states and Union Territories.
    • Chandigarh boasts of the highest GER (64.8%), followed by Puducherry, Delhi and Tamil Nadu.

Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) indicates how many students are part of the higher education system in a given population.

  • Gender Parity Index – It is 1.01 at all-India level, and for SC and ST categories, it is 1.01 and 0.98 respectively.

Gender Parity Index (GPI) shows the ratio of the female GER to male GER. A GPI of 1 indicates parity between the two genders, GPI greater than 1 indicates a disparity in favour of females.

  • Higher preferences for Arts – In UG, Bachelor of Arts (BA) and in PG, Master of Arts (MA) programme has the highest enrolment.
  • Demographics of students graduating – Among the graduated students, roughly 50.8% are women and the graduation rate in arts and social sciences streams is higher than others.
  • Category-wise, around 35% of the students belong to OBC, 13% are from SC and 5.7% are from ST community.


Lab Grown Fish

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Recently, MoU was signed for CMFRI-Neat Meatt public private partnership project to accelerate development of lab grown fish meat.

Mark Post, the Dutch pharmacologist was the 1st to present a proof of concept for cultured meat in 2013. Currently lab-grown meat from cells including chicken, pork, lamb, fish and beef are underway.

  • Cultivated fish meat – It is produced by isolating specific cells from fish and growing them in a laboratory setting using media that is free of animal components.
  • It is expected to replicate the flavour, texture, and nutritional qualities of ‘real’ fish meat.

LabGrownFish

  • Need – To address the ever growing demand for seafood, and reduce excessive pressure on wild resources.
  • Countries engaged – Israel is the frontrunner, followed by Singapore, the United States and China.

In 2023, the US cleared the sale of lab grown chicken meat in the country. Previously Singapore have approved cell-based meat for consumption.

  • Significance – It can ensure food security and environmental benefits.
  • It will also be antibiotics- and environmental contamination-free, and will have no contact with microplastics or heavy metals in the polluted oceans.

Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) was established in 1947, joined ICAR family in 1967 with its headquarters in Kochi.



NBS Fertilisers: Govt Brings Non-Urea Fertilisers Under Price Control

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Why in News?

  • The Central government has brought di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), muriate of potash (MOP) and all other such fertilisers that receive nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) support under “reasonable pricing” controls.
  • NBS fertilisers – unlike urea, whose maximum retail price (MRP) is fixed by the government – are technically decontrolled.

What’s in Today’s Article?

  • What is the NBS Scheme?
  • Decision Taken by the Central Govt w.r.t Non-Urea Fertilisers
  • How will Companies’ “Unreasonable Profit” be Assessed?
  • Significance of the New Guidelines of the DoF

What is the NBS Scheme?

  • Fertilisers are essentially food for crops, which need nutrients (Primary [N, P, K)], Secondary [S, calcium, magnesium] and Micro [iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron, molybdenum]) for plant growth and grain yield.
  • Under the NBS scheme, introduced in April 2010, their MRPs are supposed to be market-determined and set by the individual companies selling them.
  • The government merely pays a fixed per-tonne subsidy on each of these fertilisers, linked to their nutrient content or specific percentage of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S).
  • Unlike the earlier product-specific subsidy regime, NBS was intended to promote balanced fertilisation by discouraging farmers from applying too much urea (46% N), DAP (46% P plus 18% N) and MOP (60% K).
    • These are fertilisers with high content of a single nutrient.
  • NBS was meant to encourage product innovation, as well as increased use of complex fertilisers (with lower amounts of N, P, K, and S) and single super phosphate – SSP (with just 16% P but 11% S).
  • However, urea consumption rose by over a third since 2009-10, worsening the nutrient imbalance and leading to the failure of NBS.

Decision Taken by the Central Govt w.r.t Non-Urea Fertilisers:

  • The Department of Fertilisers (DoF), Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers, has issued detailed guidelines for the evaluation of “reasonableness” of the MRPs for all non-urea fertilisers covered under NBS.
  • The guidelines, to be effective retrospectively from April 1, 2023, have prescribed maximum profit margins that will be allowed for fertiliser companies –
    • 8% for importers,
    • 10% for manufacturers and
    • 12% for integrated manufacturers (those producing finished fertilisers as well as intermediates such as phosphoric acid and ammonia).
  • Companies earning “unreasonable profit”, i.e. over and above the stipulated percentages, in a particular financial year (April-March) will have to refund the same to the DoF by October 10 of the following fiscal year.
  • If they don’t return the money within the said time limit, an interest @12% per annum on a pro-rata basis would be charged on the refund amount from the next day of the end of financial year.
  • The unreasonable profits would also get adjusted against subsequent fertiliser subsidy payments by the government.

How will Companies’ “Unreasonable Profit” be Assessed?

  • The guidelines have mandated fertiliser companies to “self-assess” unreasonable profits, based on the cost auditor’s report along with audited cost data approved by their board of directors.
  • This report and data have to be furnished to the DoF by October 10 of the following fiscal year.
  • The DoF will then scrutinise the “reasonability of MRPs”, as submitted by the companies, by 28th February for each completed previous financial year.
  • Following that, it will finalise a report on unreasonable profits earned (if any) and to be recovered from the companies.

Significance of the New Guidelines of the DoF:

  • Non-urea fertilisers are already under informal price control, which will definitely continue till the Lok Sabha elections are over.
  • The new guidelines impose indirect MRP controls on non-urea fertilisers by capping the profits that companies can earn from their sales.
    • These will be based on their “total cost of sales”, which would cover cost of production/ import, administrative overheads, selling and distribution overheads, and net interest and financing charges.
  • This means, the new guidelines basically extend the regime of detailed cost monitoring and price control currently applicable on urea to other fertilisers.


UGC’s Draft Guidelines Spark Outrage over ‘Dereservation’ in Faculty Recruitment

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Why in the News?

  • The Union government and the University Grants Commission (UGC) have clarified that faculty positions in universities reserved for SC, ST, OBC, and EWS candidates will not be opened to the general category.
  • This was done after academicians criticised the UGC’s draft guidelines which suggested the possibility of opening unfilled vacancies for SC, ST, OBC candidates to general candidates in “rare and exceptional cases”.

What’s in Today’s Article?

  • About UGC (Objective, Mandate)
  • News Summary (Draft Proposal, Current Scenario, etc.)

University Grants Commission (UGC)

  • The University Grants Commission of India is a statutory body under the provisions of UGC Act, 1956.
  • It is responsible for coordination, determination and maintenance of standards of higher education.
  • It provides recognition to universities in India, and disburses funds to such recognized universities and college.
  • Nodal Ministry: Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education

Mandate of UGC

  • Promoting and coordinating university education.
  • Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination and research in universities.
  • Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
  • Monitoring developments in the field of collegiate and university education; disbursing grants to the universities and colleges.
  • Serving as a vital link between the Union and State governments and institutions of higher learning.
  • Advising the Central and State governments on the measures necessary for the improvement of university education.

News Summary:

  • In December, 2023, the higher education regulator had shared draft guidelines on implementing the reservation policy in higher education institutions for public feedback by the end of January, 2024.
  • This draft is prepared by a four-member committee headed by the director of the Institute of Public Administration, Dr H S Rana.
  • Among the key recommendations of the committee, it proposed de-reservation of unfilled quota posts meant for teachers, officers, and employees of a university.
  • The committee suggested that there is a “general ban on de-reservation of reserved vacancies in case of direct recruitment”, in exceptional circumstances it can be done if the university can provide adequate justification for it.
  • The draft guidelines specify that proposals for de-reservation concerning job positions designated for Group A and Group B posts should be submitted to the Education Ministry.
    • Similarly, proposals for Group C and D posts should be forwarded to the Executive Council (the top decision-making body) of the university for special permission.
  • These proposals would have to provide information such as the designation, pay scale, name of the service, responsibilities, required qualifications, efforts made to fill the post, and why it cannot be allowed to remain vacant.
  • This led to criticism by sections of the academia.
  • The UGC chairman then clarified that is it just a draft and anything related to de-reservation will be taken out of it while making the final document.

What is the Current Position?

  • In the current scenario, reserved faculty positions are not converted to recruit general candidates.
  • While the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) permits de-reservation in exceptional circumstances exclusively for Group A posts, this provision has not been put into effect in universities.
  • Unfilled quota positions undergo re-advertisement, and universities organise special recruitment drives until suitable candidates are identified, without opening these positions to the general category.


Overhaul of cybersecurity framework

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Why in news?

  • As per the media reports, the government has drawn up a guiding policy called the National Cybersecurity Reference Framework (NCRF) to help manage cybersecurity better.
  • The framework is based on existing legislations, policies and guidelines. It outlines implementable measure with clear articulation of roles and responsibilities for cybersecurity.

What’s in today’s article?

  • National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)
  • National Cybersecurity Coordinator (NCSC)
  • News Summary

National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC)

  • NCIIPC is a government organization that protects critical information infrastructure (CII) for the public. It was established in 2014 and is based in New Delhi.
  • The NCIIPC’s mission is to protect critical information infrastructure from unauthorized access, modification, use, disclosure, disruption, incapacitation, or destruction.
  • It also provides advice to reduce the vulnerabilities of critical information infrastructure from cyber terrorism, cyber warfare, and other threats.
  • The NCIIPC defines CII as computer resources whose incapacitation or destruction would have a debilitating impact on national security, economy, public health, or safety.

National Cybersecurity Coordinator (NCSC)

  • The NCSC provides guidance and support to state governments and private industry to help formulate policies.
  • They also provide guidance on internet governance, network management, and response strategies for cyberattacks.
  • It works under National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and coordinates with different agencies at the national level for cyber security matters.

News Summary: Overhaul of cybersecurity framework

  • The government has drawn up the National Cybersecurity Reference Framework (NCRF), with clear articulation of roles and responsibilities for cybersecurity.

National Cybersecurity Reference Framework (NCRF)

  • Background
    • The NCRF was shared privately with companies and other government departments for consultation in May 2023, but is yet to be made public.
    • Apart from the main policy document, at least three supporting compendiums detailing global cybersecurity standards, products and solutions have also been formulated.
    • In June 2023, former National Cyber-Security Coordinator Lt. General Rajesh Pant had said that the NCRF will be released for the public soon.
  • About
    • NCRF is a framework that sets the standard for cybersecurity in India.
    • The NCRF can serve as a template for critical sector entities to develop their own governance and management systems for strong cyber-security systems.
      • The government has identified telecom, power, transportation, finance, strategic entities, government entities and health as critical sectors.
  • Institutions involved in framing the framework
    • The framework has been drawn up by the National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) with support from the National Cybersecurity Coordinator (NCSC).
  • Key highlights
    • Non-binding in nature
      • The NCRF is a guideline, meaning that its recommendations will not be binding.
    • Separate budget allocation
      • It recommends that enterprises allocate at least 10 per cent of their total IT budget towards cybersecurity.
      • Such allocation is to be mentioned under a separate budget head for monitoring by the top-level management / board of directors.
    • Evolution of ways to use machines to analyse data from different sources
      • The framework might suggest that national nodal agencies evolve platforms and processes for machine-processing of data from different entities.
      • This would help check if audits are done properly and rate auditors based on their performance.
    • Greater powers to the regulators
      • The NCRF might suggest that regulators overseeing critical sectors can:
        • set rules for information security;
        • define information security requirements to ensure proper audit.
    • Effective Information Security Management System (ISMS)
      • The regulators may also need to access sensitive data and deficiencies related to the operations in the critical sector.
      • Hence, they also would need to have an effective Information Security Management System (ISMS) instance.
    • Common but Differentiated Responsibility (CBDR)
      • The policy is based on a CBDR approach, recognising that different organisations have varying levels of cybersecurity needs and responsibilities.

Need for National Cybersecurity Reference Framework (NCRF)

  • Growing cyberattacks and lack of an overarching framework on cybersecurity
    • India faces a barrage of cybersecurity-related incidents which pose a major challenge to New Delhi’s national security imperatives.
      • E.g., A high-profile attack on the systems of AIIMS Delhi in 2022.
    • Many ministries feel hamstrung by the lack of an overarching framework on cybersecurity when they are formulating sector-specific legislations.
  • Emergence of threat actors backed by nation-states and organised cyber-criminal groups
    • In recent years many threat actors backed by nation-states and organised cyber-criminal groups have attempted to target Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) of the government and enterprises.
    • In addition, availability of cyber-attacks-as-service has reduced the entry threshold for new cyber criminals, thus increasing the exposure to individuals and organisations.
  • National Cybersecurity Policy of 2013 is still guiding the cybersecurity of the nation
    • The current guiding framework on cybersecurity for critical infrastructure in India comes from the National Cybersecurity Policy of 2013.
    • From 2013 till 2023, the world has changed as new threats and new cyber organisations have emerged calling for new strategies.


Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

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Recently, the military regimes in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger announced their immediate withdrawal from the West African bloc ECOWAS.

About Economic Community of West African States:

  • It is also known as CEDEAO in French.
  • It is the regional group which was established in 1975 through the Lagos Treaty.
  • Mandate: Promoting economic integration among its members.
  • The vision of ECOWAS is the creation of a “borderless region” that is well-integrated and governed in accordance with the principles of democracy, rule of law and good governance.
  • Members: Benin, Cape Verde, Côte d’ Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Togo.
  • ECOWAS’ larger aims are to have a single common currency and create a single, large trading bloc in areas of industry, transport, telecommunications, energy, financial issues, and social and cultural matters.
  • Along with the goals of economic cooperation, it has attempted to quell military conflicts in the region. 
  • It also operated a regional peacekeeping operation known as ECOMOG, led by Nigeria in the 1990s and early 2000s.
  • Headquarters: Abuja, Nigeria.


Sloth bear

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Karnataka has witnessed instances of human-sloth bear confrontations, raising concerns for both communities and wildlife enthusiasts.

About Sloth bear:

  • Scientific Name: Melursus ursinus
  • Sloth bears are one of the eight bear speciesfound across the world.
  • They are myrmecophagous, meaning, they find bugs and termites to be their most sought-after meal.
  • Habitat: They live in a variety of dry and moist forestsand in some tall grasslands, where boulders, scattered shrubs and trees provide shelter.
  • Appearance: They have long, shaggy dark brown or black fur and curved claws, which are the longest out of any of the bear species.
  • Conservation Status
    • IUCN: Vulnerable
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule 1
  • Key to mitigate human-sloth bear confrontations: Enhancing habitat connectivity, minimising human-wildlife interaction zones, and implementing responsible waste management practices.
  • Sloth Bear Sanctuaries in India: Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary (Karnataka), Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary (Gujarat).


Exercise -Sada Tanseeq

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In a major boost of ties, the militaries of India and Saudi Arabia are conducting their first Joint Military Exercise named as Sada Tanseeq.

About Exercise Sada Tanseeq:

  • It is the inaugural edition of India-Saudi Arabia Joint Military Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’ commenced at Mahajan, Rajasthan.
  • The Exercise is scheduled to be conducted from 29th January to 10th February 2024.
  • Aim of the Exercise is to train troops of both sides for Joint Operations in Semi Desert terrain under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.
  • The Exercise will enable both the sides to share their best practices in the tactics, techniques and procedures of conducting operations in sub-conventional domains.
  • It will facilitate developing interoperability, bonhomie and camaraderie between troops from both the sides.
  • The Exercise will involve Establishment of Mobile Vehicle Check Post, Cordon & Search Operation, House Intervention Drill, Reflex Shooting, Slithering and Sniper Firing. 
  • The Exercise will provide an opportunity to both the contingents to strengthen their bond. 


Laughing gull

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Recently, a laughing gull, a migratory bird from North America, has been sighted for the first time in the country at the Chittari estuary in Kasaragod district.

About Laughing gull:

  • The bird is known for its unique laughter-like calls which resemble human laughter.
  • Habitat: These are a coastal species and are only occasionally seen very far inland.
  • Distribution: These birds are mainly found on the Atlantic coast of North America, the Caribbean, and northern South America.
  • Diet: They are opportunistic carnivores and scavengers. They eat mainly fish, shellfish, crabs, molluscs, insects, bird eggs, and young birds.
  • Features
    • These are medium-sized gulls with fairly long wings and long legs that impart a graceful look when they are flying or walking. They have stout, fairly long bills.
    • They take 2-3 years to gain adult plumage.
  • Conservation Status
    • IUCN: Least Concern

What is an estuary?

  • An estuary is an area where a freshwater river or stream meets the ocean.
  • When freshwater and seawater combine, the water becomes brackish, or slightly salty.
  • Types of Estuaries
    • Coastal plain estuaries: These are created when sea levels rise and fill in an existing river valley.
    • Tectonic estuaries: It is formed due to the shifting together and rifting apart of the Earth’s crust.
    • Bar-built estuaries: When a lagoon or bay is protected from the ocean by a sandbar or barrier island, it is called a bar-built estuary.
    • Fjord estuaries: These are a type of estuary created by glaciers. Fjord estuaries occur when glaciers carve out a deep, steep valley.


Ratle Hydro Electric Project

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The government recently announced diversion of Chenab river water through diversion tunnels to expedite the 850-MW Ratle Hydro Electric Project in Jammu & Kashmir.

About Ratle Hydro Electric Project:

  • It is an 850 MW run-of-river hydroelectric power project being built on the Chenab River in the Kishtwar District of Jammu and Kashmir.
  • The project is being developed by Ratle Hydroelectric Power Corporation (RHPCL), which was formed as a joint venture (JV) between Jammu & Kashmir State Power Development Corporation (JKSPDC) and India’s state-owned National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).
  • The project comprises a 133-metre-tall and 194.8-meter-long concrete gravity dam, a diversion dam, and an underground powerhouse on the right bank of the river.

Key Facts about Chenab River:

  • It is a major river of India and Pakistan.
  • Origin: It is formed by the confluence of two streams, Chandra and Bhaga, at Tandi in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul and Spiti Districts of Himachal Pradesh.
  • In its upper reaches, it is also known as the Chandrabhaga.
  • It is a tributary of the Indus River.
  • Course:
    • It flows west through Jammu and Kashmir union territory, between the steep cliffs of the Siwalik Range (south) and the Lesser Himalayas (north).
    • Turning southwest, it continues into Pakistan, descending from the uplands into the broad alluvial lowlands of Punjab province. 
    • After receiving the Jhelum River near Trimmu, the Chenab empties into the Sutlej River, a tributary of the Indus River.
  • Its total length is about 605 miles (974 km), and it feeds several irrigation canals. 
  • Tributaries: The tributaries of the Chenab River include Miyar Nalla, Sohal, Thirot, Bhut Nalla, Marusudar, and Lidrari.


Nitrogen hypoxia

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Recently, Alabama successfully executed a man who spent decades on death row using a new method called nitrogen hypoxia.

About Nitrogen hypoxia:

  • Hypoxia is a medical term for a state of insufficient oxygen in the body. 
  • Nitrogen hypoxia is a process where pure nitrogen gas, or nitrogen gas at concentrations high enough to be lethal, is inhaled to the point of causing asphyxiation.
  • It is a relatively new alternative to more common forms of capital punishment, like lethal injection and electrocution.
  • In this method of execution, a respirator mask is placed over the inmate’s face, and pure nitrogen is pumped into the person’s lungs instead of oxygen.
  • It leads to unconsciousness and then death from lack of oxygen.

Key facts about Nitrogen

  • It appears as a colourless odourless gas.
  • It makes up the major portion of the atmosphere.
  • It is important for plant growth and can be ‘fixed’ by lightning or added to soils in fertilisers.
  • It is important to the chemical industry. It is used to make fertilisers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and explosives.
  • Nitrogen gas is also used to provide an unreactive atmosphere. It is used in this way to preserve foods and in the electronics industry during the production of transistors and diodes.
  • Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing stainless steel and other steel mill products. Annealing is a heat treatment that makes steel easier to work.
  • Liquid nitrogen is often used as a refrigerant. It is also used to rapidly freeze foods, helping them to maintain moisture, colour, flavour and texture.


Headlines of the Day 30-01-2024

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PIB, The Hindu, Indian Express, Mint, AIR

Headline Source Syllabus Key points to know
Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’  PIB GS3-Defence – What is Exercise ‘SADA TANSEEQ’?
– Its significance
Ratle Project PIB GS1-Geography  – What are the key facts related to the Ratle Project and the Chenab River?
lab-grown fish IE  GS3-Science and Tech – What is lab-grown fish?
– Its advantages and disadvantages
Humboldt’s enigma The Hindu GS3-Environment   – What is Humboldt’s enigma and what does it mean for India? 
e-cigarettes The Hindu  GS2 Health / GS3 Science and Tech – What are e-cigarettes? Its advantages and disadvantages
– Laws related to it in India
INS Sumitra The Hindu GS3-Defence – What are the key facts related to INS Sumitra?
– Why is the region around the Red Sea under attack?
United Nations agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA) IE IR – What is UNRWA, and why have Western countries paused its funding amid the Gaza war?
Parliamentary panel examining Bill on marriage age of women gets another extension The Hindu  GS2 Polity and Governance – What are the key provisions of the Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021?
Electric Vehicle Batteries The Hindu  GS3 Economy / GS3 Science and Tech – What are Electric Vehicle Batteries?
– Its significance