Yojana Summary : October 2023

Rail Infrastructure

• The first train in India travelled 34 km from Mumbai to Thane in 1853. Since then, in over more than 167 years, Indian Railways (IR) has grown enormously.
• Railway planning has the main objective of developing transport infrastructure to carry the projected quantum of traffic and meet the Indian economy’s developmental needs.
• Nine five year plans (FYPs) have been implemented since 1950-51 by Indian Railways apart from some annual plans.

• There are 12 Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) under the administrative control of the Union Ministry of Railways.
  • RITES Limited
  • IRCON International Limited
  • Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) Limited
  • Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR)
  • Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL)
  • Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Limited (MRVC)
  • Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited (IRCTC)
  • Railtel Corporation of India Limited (RCIL)
  • Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
  • Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Limited (DFCCIL)
  • Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Limited (KMRCL)
  • Braithwaite and Company Limited (BCL)

• The research and development (R&D) wing of Indian Railways is the Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) at Lucknow.
  • It acts as a consultant in technical matters to Indian Railways, and other organisations connected with railway manufacturing and design.
• Railway Finance: Owing to the Separation Convention of 1924, a separate railway budget was presented from 1924-25, even though it was part of the overall budget of the Government of India.
  • The Railway Budget has been merged with the general Budget from Budget Year 2017-18:
    • To present the holistic financial position of the government
    • To facilitate multimodal transport planning between highways, railways, and waterways
  • Instead of 16 demands for grants, the Union Ministry of Finance has introduced one demand for grants for the Ministry of Railways.
• Railway Electrification: Increasing railway electrification under the Ministry of Railways’ Mission 100% Electrification policy will not only help reduce the country’s crude oil imports but also has environmental benefits.
• It increases average speeds, and loadings for both freight and passengers, thereby, providing the opportunity for modernisation.
• Rail Tourism: Indian Railways (IR) has introduced the Bharat Gaurav Trains Policy to showcase cultural heritage and historical places of India to both domestic and foreign audiences with the help of tourism sector professionals and other service providers.
• Specialised tourism products are also introduced from time to time in association with IRCTC and states.

National Rail Plan (NRP) NRP for 2030 has been prepared by IR to create a ‘future ready’ railway system by 2030. It aims to formulate strategies based on both operational capacities and commercial policy initiatives to increase the modal share of the Railways in freight to 45% and to sustain it. The creation of capacity ahead of demand to cater for future demand growth right up to 2050 is the objective of NRP. To achieve this objective all possible financial models including Public Private Partnership (PPP) are being considered. Vande Bharat Express Trains IR has launched India’s first indigenous semi-high-speed train Vande Bharat Express as part of efforts under ‘Make in India’. The first Vande Bharat Express train was flagged off on 15th February 2019, on the New Delhi-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi route. They have been introduced to upgrade maintenance technologies and methodologies and achieve improvement in productivity and performance of all railway assets and manpower which would cover reliability, availability, utilisation, and efficiency.

Road Infrastructure Getting Smarter

• The road infrastructure of India is classified into six categories. The road length in kilometres (km) of each of these categories and its compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in percentage over 1991, available most recently as of 31st March 2019, as per the 2022-23 annual report of the Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH) is shown in the table below.

• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Initiated in 2001, it aims to provide all-weather road connectivity in rural areas.
  • Rural roads constitute 70% of the total road length in India.

• Both the quantity and quality of roads are important drivers of economic development and social inclusion. In recent decades, the focus has been more on quality with various enabling factors as discussed below.
• 
  • Delinking road development and direct employment generation post-India’s economic liberalisation.
  • National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) became operational in 1995.
  • Public Private Partnerships (PPP)
  • State Level Road Development Corporations: The first such corporation, the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation Limited (MSRDCL) was established in 1996. It has developed the Mumbai-Pune Expressway (opened in 2002).
    • Many other states have also followed suit since. Uttar Pradesh is a leader in developing expressway-standard roads.
  • National Highways Development Project (NHDP): It was started in 1998 by NHAI.
    • Phase I: Four laned Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) connecting four metro cities.
    • Phase II: Four laned connecting the north-south and east-west corridors, connecting India’s extreme points.
  • Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
  • Viability Gap Funding (VGF) provision rejuvenated interest among bidders towards projects.
  • Model Concession Agreement (MCA): In the road sector, the first MCA was in 2000.
  • Expressways

• • New Contracting Models and Asset Monetisation: Along with classical models such as Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) and PPP through Build, Operate, and Transfer (BOT), other models such as the Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM), and Toll, Operate, and Transfer (TOT) have emerged.
  • The Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InVITs) have been operationalised to monetise built road assets.
  • Other organisations: Apart from the NHAI other organisations with specific mandates were set up.
  • Road Making Technologies: There has been improvement in technology over the years through the easier import of road-making equipment under an open general licence, technology transfers for domestic manufacturing, consortium of Indian bidders with foreign players for improved learning, and more.
  • Electronic Toll Collection (ETC)
    • 
• Challenges in road infrastructure development:
  • There is a need for better road safety.
  • Issues with urban roads such as lack of attention due to shift towards rural roads, low speeds leading to loss of time and money, poor last-mile connectivity, poor urban goods movement, parking issues, coordination issues with urban public transport.
  • Need to focus on lane kilometres rather than road kilometres which will help to focus on access as well as capacity. Number of lanes needs to be specified in maps for better road choices by users.
  • Proper collection of Origin to Destination (OD) data.
  • Improvement in coordination with PPP players.

Space Infrastructure

• Indian space activities began in 1962 with the establishment of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR). In 1969, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was formed, superseding INCOSPAR. Subsequently, in 1972, the Department of Space (DOS) was created to oversee the development and application of space technology to meet various national needs.

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

• Headquarters: Bengaluru
• ISRO’s primary objective is the development and application of space technology to meet various national needs. ISRO has established several space systems for communication, television broadcasting, meteorological services, resource monitoring, and more.
• PSLV and GSLV are two trusted launch vehicles developed by ISRO.

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre:

• Location: Thiruvananthapuram
• Responsible for the design and development of launch vehicle technology. 
• Major programs include the development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), Rohini sounding rocket, Small Satellite Launch Vehicle, and critical technologies for human spaceflight missions.

U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC)

• Location: Bengaluru
• Involved in the design, development, and realisation of communication, navigation, remote sensing, and scientific satellite missions.
• The ISRO Satellite Integration and Test Establishment is equipped for assembling and testing spacecraft for flightworthiness.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) – SHAR

• Location: Andhra Pradesh
• Provides launch base infrastructure for Indian space programs.

Liquid Propulsion System Centre (LPSC)

• Locations: Campus-1: LPSC, Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram, and Campus-2 LPSC Bengaluru
• Engaged in the design, development, and realisation of high-performance advanced propulsion systems for launch vehicles and spacecraft.

Space Application Centre (SAC):

• Location: Ahmedabad
• Focuses on the development of space-borne and air-borne instruments and payloads for national development. It designs and develops optical and microwave sensors for satellites, signal and image processing software, and GIS software for Earth observation programs.

Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)

• Location: Bengaluru
• Established in 2019, it coordinates all developments related to human spaceflight programs.

National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)

• Location: Hyderabad
• It has a mandate for the establishment of ground stations for receiving satellite data, generation of data products, dissemination to the users, development of techniques for remote sensing applications including disaster management support, geospatial services for good governance and capacity building.

ISRO Propulsion Complex

• Location: Mahendragiri
• Responsible for the assembly, integration, and testing of liquid propulsion systems for launch vehicles. It provides a platform for simulation trials for interplanetary missions.

ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)

• Location: Bengaluru
• Provides telemetry tracking and command and mission control services to major launch vehicles, interplanetary spacecraft missions of ISRO and the ground segment of the NaVIC satellite system.

Master Control Facility (NCF)

• Location: Hassan, Karnataka and Bhopal
• Responsible for On-Orbit Operations (OOP) and Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) operations of geostationary/geosynchronous and IRNSS class spacecraft of ISRO. It monitors and controls all the geostationary satellites of ISRO.

ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU)

• Location: Thiruvananthapuram
• Engaged in the design and development of inertial systems for launch vehicles and satellites.

Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)

• Location: Bengaluru
• Involved in the design, development, and production of attitude sensors, high-resolution image optics, and special-purpose science instruments.

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)

• Location: Dehradun
• Focuses on building capacity in remote sensing and geoinformatics through education and training programs at the postgraduate level.

Development and Educational Communication Unit (DEUC)

• Location: Ahmedabad
• Implementation of satellite communication-based societal applications in the country. It works with user agencies and facilitates the spread of space applications to reach the unreached.

Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)

• Location: Ahmedabad
• A premier research institute engaged in basic research in the areas of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar Physics, Planetary Science, and Exploration.
• PRL has an infrared observatory at Mt. Abu, a solar observatory in Udaipur and a planetary exploration (PLANEX) programme at Ahmedabad.

National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)

• Location: Gandaki, Tirupati
• Engaged in atmospheric and space science with the vision of developing the capability to predict the behaviour of Earth’s atmosphere. 

North Eastern Space Application Centre (NE-SAC)

• Location: Shillong, Meghalaya
• An autonomous organisation under the Department of Science, with the aim of supporting the development process in the North Eastern region through advanced space technology.

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)

• First established in Thiruvananthapuram in 2007.
• Offers high-quality education in space science and technology to meet the demands of the Indian Space Program.

Antrix Corporation Limited (ACL)

• Corporate Office: Bengaluru
• Engaged in providing space sector products and services to customers globally.

New Space India Limited (NSIL)

• Headquarters: Bengaluru
• A wholly-owned government of India undertaking to provide space-related products and services from the Indian Space Program to global customers and promote the growth of the Indian space sector.

Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe)

• Headquarters: Ahmedabad
• An autonomous agency under the Department of Space (DOS), responsible for promoting, enabling, authorising, and supervising various space activities of non-governmental entities, including the building of launch vehicles and satellites and providing space-based services

4. Unity Mall

• Unity Mall, an initiative of the Government of India, is poised to play a pivotal role in fostering economic development, providing recreational spaces, enhancing tourism, and celebrating the rich cultural heritage of India. 
• It will serve as a comprehensive marketplace within the states for the promotion and sale of One District One Products, GI Products, Handicraft Products, and other local items. 
• Unity Malls will be established in each state, preferably in the respective state capital or any other location chosen by the state.
• The purpose of Unity Mall is to foster national unity and make progress in the Make in India and Atma Nirbhar Bharat initiatives by offering local artisans opportunities to sell their products, create employment opportunities, facilitate skill development, and contribute to overall economic growth. 
• Each Unity Mall will have one shop allocated for each state to showcase their GI-tagged products and One District One Product offerings.

Scheme for special assistance to states for capital expenditure:

• Unity Malls are funded under the scheme for special assistance to states for capital expenditure. 
• The scheme aims to stimulate capital expenditure and harness the significant multiplier effect of such expenditure to foster higher economic growth.
• Under the scheme, States are given interest-free loans for 50 years, which do not count towards the annual borrowing limit of the state. 
• Rs 5,000 crore under the scheme has been earmarked for the construction of Unity Malls. 
• The state government needs to provide land for free and also allocate additional funds for the project.

Design and Amenities of Unity Mall

• Standardised design: According to the guidelines of the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, the design and amenities of Unity Mall should symbolise the unity and grandeur of the country.
  • To ensure uniformity, all Unity Malls across India are required to adhere to a standardised design prescribed by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). 
  • Multilingual languages and logos of One District One Product and Make in India must be integrated into the mall design.

• Layout and commercial spaces: Each Unity Mall should incorporate a minimum of 36 commercial spaces with uniform floor space and common rent allocated to each state and Union Territories.
• Amenities: Each Unity Mall should include a state-of-the-art food court, parking facilities, and spaces for recreational and cultural activities. Additionally, the mall should offer technology-driven experiences such as virtual reality, augmented reality digital displays, and interactive kiosks.
• Public-Private Partnership: The operations and maintenance of Unity Mall will be structured under a public-private partnership. The ownership of the mall remains with the state government while operational and maintenance responsibility will be entrusted to a private party.
• Proposal and Approval Process: State governments must submit proposals for Unity Mall to DPIIT, which further recommends them to the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance for approval. 
• The Ministry of Finance has approved the construction of Unity Malls in eight states, Assam, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Maharashtra, and Tripura. 

Key features of approved Unity Malls

• Assam: Planned in Guwahati, it incorporates a library, art gallery, museum dedicated to ethnic products, diverse food courts and yoga and meditation hall.
• Chhattisgarh: Planned in Raipur, the mall has been designed in an oval shape resembling a rice seed symbolising the state’s agricultural abundance.
• Nagaland: Planned in Chumukedima, the mall features theme restaurants, conference rooms, commercial space, and gaming zones.
• Madhya Pradesh: Planned in Ujjain, the mall features an iconic Mahakal-Lok elevation design. The mall’s architecture encompasses various distinct zones like Millet Lok reserved for food courts and restaurants, Ekam Lok designed for cultural activities, and Utsav Lok designed for open workshops and performances.
• Meghalaya: Planned in New Shillong, the mall serves as a cultural hub showcasing the cultural diversity of Meghalaya.
• Gujarat: Planned in Jevadia, the mall’s design is centred around the Ashoka Chakra shape. The mall will have the design of Haveli architecture inside, which was prominent in the historic cities of Gujarat.
• Tripura: Planned in Agartala, the mall’s roof will be adorned with the colours of the National flag.
• Maharashtra: Established in Navi Mumbai, the mall will include a variety of amenities like children’s play areas, multipurpose halls, mini theatres, etc.

Sampurn Shikshit Bharat : Book Donation

UNITED LIBERAL FOUNDATION has launched  a campaign called Sampurn Shikshit Bharat inviting people to donate textbooks and educational material for the benefit of poor children. The book donation drive is a pan-India initiative to provide the underprivileged with quality educational books. 

Sampurn Shikshit Bharat : Book Donation is an initiative by UNITED LIBERAL FOUNDATION to help bridge the gap between those who want to help children read and those who need books for children. Together we will build a Reading India by making storybooks accessible to thousands of children and spread the joy of reading. Sole aim of the campaign is to see more Indian children read.

UNITED LIBERAL FOUNDATION  will provide Free Books to Poor Students . The Sampurn Shikshit Book  aims to support the Central government’s efforts to enable access to quality education for all. 

Pick-up services are available for donations of 50 books or above. Call  6204607570 , 8017216638 for donation, or visit https://unitedliberalfoundation.com/ for details.           

 Note – Books Donors will get Certificate & Medal

(AIR Debate) Topic: “Discussion on Elimination of Sickle Cell Anemia” 18 October 2023

(AIR Debate) Topic: “Discussion on Reduction in Retail Inflation” 16 October 2023

 

Name of Post:	MHA Intelligence Bureau IB Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT and Multi Tasking Staff MTS Recruitment 2023 Apply Online for 677 Post
Post Date / Update:	14 October 2023 | 11:45 AM
Short Information :	IB Security Assistant / Motor Transport and MTS Online Form 2023 : Ministry of Home Affairs MHA | Intelligence Bureau IB has issued an Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT and Multi Tasking Staff MTS Examination Post Notification 2023. Any candidate who is interested in this IB SA/MT and MTS 2023 Vacancy Recruitment 2023 can apply online from 14 October 2023 to 13 November 2023. For Recruitment details, pay scale, age limit, selection procedure, job information and all other information, read the advertisement and then apply.

Ministry of Home Affairs MHA | Intelligence Bureau IB IB Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT & Multi Tasking Staff MTS Exam 2023 IB SA/MT & MTS 677 Post Exam 2023 : Short Details of Notification
Important Dates Application Begin : 14/10/2023 Last Date for Apply Online :13/11/2023 Pay Exam Fee Last Date : 13/11/2023 Exam Date: As per Schedule Admit Card Available : Before Exam		Application Fee General / OBC / EWS : 500/- SC / ST  : 50/- All Category Female : 50/- Pay the Examination Fee Through Debit Card / Credit Card / Net Banking Only.
IB SA/MT & MTS Notification 2023 : Age Limit Details As on 13/11/2023 Minimum Age : 18 Years. Maximum Age : 27 Years. for SA / MT Post Maximum Age : 25 Years. for MTS Post Age Relaxation Extra as per MHA Intelligence Bureau IB Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT and Multi Tasking Staff MTS Recruitment 2023 Rules.
MHA IB JIO Recruitment 2023 : Vacancy Details Total 677 Post
Post Name	Total Post			IB Security Assistant / MTS Eligibility
IB Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT	362			Class 10th Matric Exam Passed in Any Recognized Board in India. LMV Driving License Motor Mechanism Knowledge 1 Year Driving Experience After Obtained Driving License. Domicile Certificate Required of State against which candidate has applied More Eligibility Read the Notification
IB Multi Tasking Staff MTS / Gen	315			Class 10th Matric Exam Passed in Any Recognized Board in India. Domicile Certificate Required of State against which candidate has applied
Intelligence Bureau IB SA/MT & MTS Recruitment 2023 : Category Wise Vacancy Details
Post Name			UR		EWS		OBC	SC	ST	Total
MHA IB Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT			221		17		60	34	30	362
MHA IB Multi Tasking Staff MTS / Gen			183		42		65	0	25	315
IB Recruitment 2023 : Subsidiary Intelligence Bureau/SIB Wise Vacancy Details
IB Office Name	Rank / Post Name								Total Post
Lucknow	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								9
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								1
Meerut	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								5
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								3
Varanasi	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								8
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								8
Amritsar	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								3
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								2
Patna	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								9
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								6
Bhopal	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								11
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								5
Bhubaneswar	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								9
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								0
Chandigarh	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								9
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								7
Jaipur	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								13
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								7
Dehradun	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								7
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								2
Delhi/IB Hqrs.	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								93
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								98
Gangtok	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								5
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								6
Guwahati	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								10
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								0
Hyderabad	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								7
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								10
Imphal	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								3
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								7
Itanagar	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								13
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								9
Agartala	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								6
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								1
Jammu	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								5
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								6
Kalimpong	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								4
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								5
Kohima	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								6
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								6
Kolkata	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								18
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								0
Leh	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								12
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								1
Ahmedabad	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								9
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								14
Aizawl	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								3
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								6
Mumbai	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								10
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								17
Nagpur	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								8
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								6
Chennai	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								9
Raipur	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								14
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								6
Ranchi	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								10
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								9
Shillong	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								8
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								8
Shimla	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								0
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								2
Siliguri	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								6
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								2
Srinagar	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								0
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								8
Trivandrum	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								8
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								10
Bengaluru	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								12
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								8
Vijayawada	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								14
	Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT								5
	Multi Tasking Staff MTS								10
How to Fill : MHA Intelligence Bureau IB SA/MT & MTS Online Form 2023     Ministry of Home Affairs MHA Intelligence Bureau IB Are Issued Security Assistant SA / Motor Transport MT and Multi Tasking Staff MTS Recruitment 2023 Latest Jobs 2023. Candidate Can Apply Between 14/10/2023 to 13/11/2023. Candidate Read the Notification Before Apply the Recruitment Application Form in IB SA / MT & MTS Notification 2023. Kindly Check and Collect the All Document – Eligibility, ID Proof, Address Details, Basic Details. Kindly Ready Scan Document Related to Admission Entrance Form – Photo, Sign, ID Proof, Etc. Before Submit the Application Form Must Check the Preview and All Column Carefully. Take A Print Out of Final Submitted Form.
Interested Candidate Can Read the Full IB SA/MT & MTS Notification Before Apply Online.
Apply Online Click Here Download Notification IB Notification

Rivers in India: Origin, Length, Endpoint

S.No.	Rivers	Origin	Length (km)	End-point
1.	Ganga	Gangotri Glacier (Bhagirathi), Uttarakhand	2,525	Bay of Bengal
2.	Yamuna	Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand	1,376	Merges with Ganga at Allahabad (Triveni Sangam – Kumbh Mela spot
3.	Brahmaputra	Himalayan Glacier in Tibet, but enters India in Arunachal Pradesh	1,800	Merges with Ganga and ends in the Bay of Bengal
4.	Chambal	Tributary of Yamuna river, starting at Madhya Pradesh	960	Joins Yamuna river in UP
5.	Son	Tributary of Ganga, starting at Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh	784	Joins Ganga just above Patna – also considered part of Vindhya river system
6.	Gandak	Nepal; Ganges tributary at Indo-Nepal border (Triveni Sangam)	630	Joins Ganga near Patna
7.	Kosi	Starts from Bihar near Indo-Nepal border	720	Joins Ganga near Katihar district of Bihar
8.	Betwa	Tributary of Yamuna, rises at Vindhya region, MP	590	Joins Yamuna at Hamirpur in UP
9.	Gomti	Tributary of Ganga, starting at Gomat Taal, UP	900	Joins Ganga in Varanasi district
10.	Ghaghara	Himalayan Glacier in Tibet, a tributary of Ganga	1080	Joins Ganga in Bihar
11.	Hugli (Hooghly)	Tributary of Ganga near West Bengal	260	Merges with Ganga at the Bay of Bengal
12.	Damodar	Tributary of Hugli near Chandwara, Jharkhand	592	Merges with Hugli in West Bengal
13.	Mahananda	Paglajhora falls, Darjeeling, West Bengal	360	Merge in Ganga
14.	Alaknanda	Satopanth & Bhagirathi-Kharak glacier	190	Merge in Ganga, Devprayag, Uttarakhand
15.	Bhagirathi	Gaumukh, Uttarakhand	205	Merge in Ganga, Devprayag, Uttarakhand
16.	Indus	Originates in Tibetan plateau, Enters India in J&K	3180	Merges into Arabian sea near Sindh
17.	Chenab	Upper Himalayas in the Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh	960	Merges with Indus
18.	Jhelum	Tributary of Chenab river, Punjab	725	Merges with Chenab at Jhang (Pakistan)
19.	Ravi	Starts from Bara Bhangal, Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh	720	Joins Chenab in Pakistan
20.	Sutlej	Tributary of Indus river originates at Rakshastal, Tibet	1500	Meets Beas river in Pakistan and ends at Arabian sea
21.	Beas	Rises at the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh	470	Joins Sutlej river in Punjab, India
22.	Parbati	Mantalai Glacier near Pin Prabati Pass	436	Mixes with Beas River at Bhuntar, near Kullu of Himachal Pradesh
23.	Suru	Panzella Glacier, Pensi La Pass, Kargil	185	Indus, Nurla, Skardu, Pakistan
24.	Dras	Machoi Glacier, Zoji La, ear Sonamarg, Jammu & Kashmir	86	Suru River at Kharul, Kargil
25.	Zanskar	Doda River (First Branch), Kargyag and Tsarap River (Second Branch)	338	Indus River near Nimmu in Ladakh
26.	Tsarap	Pankpo La, Sarchu	182	Zanskar River, Padum, Kargil
27.	Doda	Drang-Drung Glacier, Pensi La	79	Zanskar River, Padum, Kargil
28.	Kaveri	Talakaveri in Western Ghats in Karnataka	765	Ends in Bay of Bengal
29.	Krishna	Originates in the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra	1400	Ends in the Bay of Bengal near Andhra Pradesh
30.	Godavari	Starts in Maharashtra and passes through 7 Indian states	1465	Empties in Bay of Bengal
31.	Tungabhadra	Tributary of Krishna river staring at Karnataka	531	Joins Krishna river along the border of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
32.	Tapti	Rises in Eastern Satpura Ranges, Madhya Pradesh	724	Empties into Gulf of Khambhat, Gujarat
33.	Mahi	Rises in Madhya Pradesh	580	Flows into Arabian sea from Gujarat
34.	Narmada	Starts from Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh	1315	Drains into Arabian sea via Gulf of Cambay
35.	Indravati	Dandakaranya range, Kalahandi district, Odisha	535	Godavari near border of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Telangana
36.	Pranhita	Confluence of Wardha and Wainganga, near Sirpur Kaghaznagar	113	Godavari, near Kaleshwaram, Telangana
37.	Wardha	Satpura range, Multai, Betul district of Madhya Pradesh	528	Pranhita River
38.	Kolab (Sabari)	Sinkaran hills, Koraput, Odisha	200	Godavari
39.	Manjira	Balaghat hills	724	Godavari, near Kandakurthi, Karnataka
40.	Wainganga	Satpura range, Mundara, Seoni district, Madhya Pradesh	579	Pranhita River
41.	Painganga	Ajanta range, Aurangabad, Maharashtra	676	Wardha river, Chandrapur district, Maharashtra
42.	Vedavathi	Confluence of Veda and Avathi	391	Tungabhadra river, near Siruguppa
43.	Bhima	Bhimashankar	861	Krishna river, near Raichur
44.	Indrayani	Lonavala, Maharashtra	92	Bhima river
45.	Pavana	Sahyadri range, Lonavala Maharashtra	58	Mula river
46.	Ghataprabha	Western ghats, Sindhudurg, Maharashtra	283	Krishna river, Almatti
47.	Venna	Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra	130	Krishna river, Satara, Maharashtra
48.	Koyna	Mahabaleshwar, Maharashtra	130	Krishna river, near Karad, Satara
49.	Bhavani	Silent Valley National Park, Kerala	135	Kaveri river at Kongu Nadu region of Tamil Nadu
50.	Amravati	Anamalai Hills, Pambar, Chinnar rivers	282	Kaveri river at Karur, Tamil Nadu
51.	Hemavati	Western Ghats, Chikmagalur, Karnataka	245	Kaveri river near Krishna Raja Sagara, Karnataka
52.	Mahanadi	Dhamtari, Dandakaranya, Chhattisgarh	858	Bay of Bengal, near False Point, Kendrapara, Odisha
53.	Subarnarekha	Chota Nagpur plateau, near Ranchi, Jharkhand	395	Kirtania Port, near Talsari, Bay of Benga
54.	Kangsabati	Chota Nagpur plateau, Purulia district, West Bengal	465	Bay of Bengal near Haldia
55.	Penner (Penna)	Nandi Hills, Chikkaballapur district, Karnataka	597	Bay of Bengal, near Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
56.	Palar	Nandi hills, Kolar District Karnataka	348	Bay of Bengal, near Vayalur, Tamil Nadu
57.	Vaigai	Varusanadu Hills, Tamil Nadu	258	Palk Strait, Tamil Nadu
58.	Vellar	Shevaroy Hills	150	Bay of Bengal, near Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu
59.	Ponnaiyar	Nandidurg, Chikkaballapur	400	Bay of Bengal
60.	Noyyal	Velliangiri Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu	180	Kaveri river
61.	Gomai	Satpura Range	–	Tapti river, near Prakasha, Nandurbar, Maharashtra
62.	Panzara	Near Pimpalaner, Dhule, Maharashtra	724	Tapti river
63.	Purna	Satpura Range, Betul, Madhya Pradesh	373	Tapti river, near Changdev, Maharashtra
64.	Kolar	Vindhya Range, near Sehore district, Madhya Pradesh	101	Narmada, near Raisen district of Madhya Pradesh
65.	Tawa	Satpura Range, Betul, Madhya Pradesh	172	Narmada near Hoshangabad district
66.	Sabarmati	Dhebar lake, Aravalli range, near Udaipur, Rajasthan	371	Gulf of Khambhat
67.	Zuari	Hemad-Barshem in western ghats	34	Arabian sea
68.	Ulhas	Near Rajmachi hills, Sahyadri range	122	Vasai Creek, Mumbai
69.	Mithi	Vihar lake and Powai lake	15	Arabian sea, Mahim creek, Mumbai
70.	Mandovi	Bhimgad, Karnataka	77	Arabian sea
71.	Kali	Kushavali, Karnataka	184	Arabian sea
72.	Netravati	Kudremukh, Chikmagalur, Karnataka	103	Arabian sea, near Mangalore, Karnataka
73.	Sharavati	Western Ghats, Tirthahalli, Karnataka	128	Arabian sea, near Honnavar, Uttar Kannada district, Karnataka
74.	Periyar	Sivagiri hills, Sundaramala, Tamil Nadu	244	Lakshadweep sea, Kerala
75.	Bharathappuzha	Anamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu	209	Lakshadweep sea, Ponnani, Kerala
76.	Pamba	Pulachimalai Hills, Western Ghats	176	Vembanad Lake
77.	Chaliyar	Elambaleri Hills, Western Ghats, Wayanad, Kerala	169	Lakshadweep sea, Kerala

Major River System in India

The majority of the rivers drain into the Bay of Bengal. Some rivers flow across the western section of the country and eventually join the Arabian Sea. Inland drainage occurs in the northern Aravalli range, sections of Ladakh, and arid regions of the Thar Desert. All significant rivers in India flow from one of three major watersheds:

• The Himalaya and the Karakoram Range
• The Chota Nagpur plateau and Vindhya and Satpura range
• The Western Ghats

The following are India’s major river systems:

Indian River Systems
River System	Total length	Length in  India
Indus River System	3180  km	1114 km
Brahmaputra River System	2900 km	916 km
Ganga River System	2510 km	2510 km
Yamuna river System	1376 km	1376 km
Narmada River System	1312 km	1312 km
Tapi River System	724 km	724 km
Godavari River System	1465 km	1465 km
Krishna River System	1400 km	1400 km
Cauvery River System	805 km	805 km
Mahanadi River System	851 km	851 km

 

WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA

CONTEXT

• A world heritage sites is a place that is listed by UNESCO for its special cultural or physical significance. The list of World Heritage Sites is maintained by the international ‘World Heritage Programme’, adiministered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
• The UNCESCO World Heritage Committee is composed of 21 UNESCO member states, elected by the General Assembly.
• The United Nations Educational, Science and Cultural organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection, and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.
• This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972.
• India has 42 World Heritage Sites that include 34 Cultural properties, 7 Natural properties, and 1 mixed site.

How is a World Heritage Site selected?

• The first step towards the listing is the nomination of a site by the respective government of a country.
• The site should have an Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) for World Heritage Nomination.
• To determine the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) for World Heritage Nomination, there are ten enlisted criteria.
• The Nomination File is then evaluated by the International Council on Monuments and Sites and the World Conservation Union.
• These bodies then make their recommendations to the World Heritage Committee.
• The Committee meets once per year to determine whether or not to inscribe each nominated property on the World Heritage List and sometimes defer the decision to request more information from the country which nominated the site.

10 CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE (OUV)

1. To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;
2. To exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, one developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planing or landscape design;

• To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared;

1. To be an outstanding example of a type of building , architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant (s) in human history;
2. To be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a cultural (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;
3. To be directily or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria.

• To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and asesthetic importance;
• To be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth’s history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological process in the development of landsforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features;

1. To be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals;
2. To contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of secience or conservation.

WORLD HERITAGE SITES OF INDIA (42)

SL NO	NAME OF SITES	YEAR	STATE/UT	CATEGORY
1	KAZIRANGA NATIOANL PARK	1985	ASSAM	NATURAL
2	MANAS WILDLIFE SANCTUARY	1985	ASSAM	NATURAL
3	NALANDA MAHAVIHARA (NALANDA UNIVERSITY)	2016	BIHAR	CULTURAL
4	MAHABODHI TEMPLE, BODHGAYA	2002	BIHAR	CULTURAL
5	CAPITOL COMPLEX	2016	CHANDIGARH	CULTURAL
6	HUMAYUN’S TOMB DELHI	1993	DELHI	CULTURAL
7	QUTB MINAR COMPLEX, DELHI	1993	DELHI	CULTURAL
8	RED FORT COMPLEX, DELHI	2007	DELHI	CULTURAL
9	CHURCHES AND CONVENTS OF GOA	1986	GOA	CULTURAL
10	CHAMAPNER-PAVAGARH ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK	2004	GUJRAT	CULTURAL
11	RANI KI VAV	2014	GUJRAT	CULTURAL
12	HISTORIC CITY OF AHMEDABAD	2017	GUJRAT	CULTURAL
13	GREAT HIMALAYAN NATIONAL PARK	2014	HIMACHAL PRADESH	NATURAL
14	GROUP OF MONUMENT AT HAMPI	1986	KARNATAKA	CULTURAL
15	GROUP OF TEMPLES, PATTADAKAL	1987	KARNATAKA	CULTURAL
16	WESTERN GHATS	2012	KARNATAKA, KERALA, MAHARASHTRA, TAMILNADU	NATURAL
17	GROUP OF TEMPLES, KHAJURAHO	1986	MADHYA PRADESH	CULTURAL
18	BUDDHIST MONUMENTS AS SANCHI	1989	MADHYA PRADESH	CULTURAL
19	PREHISTORIC ROCK SHELTERS OF BHIMBETKA	2003	MADHYA PRADESH	CULTURAL
20	AJANTA CAVES	1983	MAHARASHTRA	CULTURAL
21	ELLORA CAVES	1983	MAHARASHTRA	CULTURAL
22	ELEPHENTA CAVES	1987	MAHARASHTRA	CULTURAL
23	CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS (FORMERLY VITORIA TERMINUS)	2004	MAHARASHTRA	CULTURAL
24	VICTORIAN AND ART DECO ENSEMBLE OF MUMBAI	2018	MAHARASHTRA	CULTURAL
25	SUN TEMPLE KONARK	1984	ODISHA	CULTURAL
26	HILL FORTS OF RAJASTHAN	2013	RAJASTHAN	CULTURAL
27	JANTAR MANTAR, JAIPUR	2010	RAJASTHAN	CULTURAL
28	JAIPUR CITY, RAJASTHAN	2019	RAJASTHAN	CULTURAL
29	KEOLADEO NATIONAL PARK	1985	RAJASTHAN	NATURAL
30	KHANGCHENDZONGA NATIONAL PARK	2016	SIKKIM	MIXED
31	GROUP OF MONUMENT AT MAHABALIPURAM	1984	TAMILNADU	CULTURAL
32	GREAT LIVING CHOLA TEMPLES AT THANJAVUR, GANGAIKONDACHOLAPURAM AND DARASURAM	1987 & 2004	TAMILNADU	CULTURAL
33	AGRA FORT	1983	UTTAR PRADESH	CULTURAL
34	TAJ MAHAL	1983	UTTAR PRADESH	CULTURAL
35	GROUP OF MONUMENTS, FATEHPUR SIKRI	1986	UTTAR PRADESH	CULTURAL
36	NANDA DEVI AND VALLEY OF FLOWERS NATIONAL PARK	1,98,82,005	UTTARAKHAND	NATURAL
37	SUNDARBANS NATIONAL PARK	1987	WEST BENGAL	NATURAL
38	MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK(DARJEELING, 1999), NILGRI (2005), KOLKA-SHIMLA (2008)	1,99,92,00,52,008	WEST BENGAL, TAMIL NADU, HIMACHAL PRADESH	CULTURAL
39	SANTINIKETAN	20023	WESTBENGAL	CULTURAL
40	THE ARCHITECTURAL WORK OF LE CORBUSIER, AN OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTION TO THE MODERN MOVEMENT	20016	CHANDIGARH	CULTURAL
41	SACRED ENSEMBLES OF THE HOYSALAS	2023	KARNATAKA	CULTURAL
42	KAKATIYA RUDRESHWARA (RAMAPPA) TEMPLE, TELANGANA	2021	TELANGANA	CULTURAL

 

WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA

CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES IN INDIA

1. AGRA FORT (1983), UTTAR PRADESH

• 16^th Century Mughal Monument
• Fortress of red sandstone
• It comprises the Jahangir Palace and the Khas Mahal, built by Shah Jahan; audience halls, such as the Diwan-i-Khas.
• Uttar Pradesh

2. AJANTA CAVES (1983), MAHARASHTRA

• A series of rock-cut caves in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats) on the Waghora River near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.
• 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments
• There are a total of 29 Caves (all Buddhist) of which 25 were used as Viharas or residential Caves while 4 were used as Chaitya or Prayer Halls.
• The caves were developed in the period Between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D.
• The Ajanta caves were inscribed by the Buddhist monks, under the patronage of the Vakataka Kings-Harishena being a prominent one.
• Reference of the Ajanta caves can be found in the travel accounts of Chinese Buddhist travelers Fa Hien (during the reign of Chandragupta II; 380-415 CE) and Hieun Tsang (during the reign of emperor Harshavardhana; 606-647 CE).
• The figures in these cave were done using fresco painting
• The outlines of the painting were done in red colour. One of the striking features is the absence of blue colour in the painting.
• The painting are generally themed around Buddhism- the life of Buddha and Jataka Stories.
• Ajanta style is also found in the Ellora Caves and other sites such as the Elephanta Caves, Aurangabad Caves, Shivleni Caves and the Cave temples of Karnataka
• Connections with the art of Gandhara can also be noted, and there is evidence of a shared artistic idiom.

3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF NALANDA MAHAVIRA AT NALANDA, BIHAR (2016)

• Remains of monastic scholastic institution dating from the 3^rd century BCE to the 13^th century CE.
• Includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings and important artworks in stucco, stone and metal.
• Considered to be the most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent.
• Testifies to the development of Buddhism
• All students at Nalanda studied Mahayana, as well as the texts of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism.
• Jain thirthankara, Mahavira, spent 14 rainy seasons at Nalanda. Gautama Buddha too is said to have delivered lectures in nearby mango grove named Pavarika and one of his two chief disciples, Shariputra, was born
• Xuanzang (also known as Hiuen Tsang) travelled around India between the years of 630 and 643 CE, and visited Nalanda first in 637 and then again in 642
• Vast amount of what came to comprise Tibetan Buddhism, both its Mahayana and Vajrayana tradions, stems from the teachers and traditons at Nalanda.
• Also the place of birth and nirvana of Shariputra, one of the famous disciples of Buddha

4. BUDDHIST MONUMENTS AT SANCHI, MADHYA PRADESH (1989)

• It is the oldest Buddhist sanctuary in existence and was a major Buddhisht centre in India until the 12^th century A.D.
• Consists of monolithic pillars, palaces, temples and monasteries) all in different states of conservation most of which date back to the 2^nd and 1^st centuries B.C.
• The main body of the stupa symbolizes the cosmic mountain. It topped by a ‘harmika’ to hold the triple umbrella, or ‘chhatraveli’, which represents the three jewels of Buddhism-the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha
• Buddha never visited Sanchi neither did foreign travelers like Hiuen Tsang
• The lion capital at Sanchi is similar to the one at Sarnath. The main difference between the two is that the mounument at Sanchi depicts an abacus instead of a chakra.
• One of the oldest stone structures
• Originally commissioned by the emperor Ashoka in the 3^rd century BCE
• Sanchi stupa is depicted on the reverse side of the Indian Currency note of Rs 200
• Great Stupa also called Stupa No. 1, initially built under the Mauryas, and adorned with one of the Pillars of Ashoka (Ashokan Pillar- Wheel of Law-Four Lions)
• Ashokan Pillar-pillar has an Ashokan inscription (Schism Edict) and an iscription in the ornamental Sankha Lipi from the Gupta period. The commands it contains appear to be the same as those recorded in the Sarnath and Kausambi edicts, which together form the three known instances of Ashoka’s “Schism Edict”.
• The Sarnath capital is a pillar capital discovered in the archaeological excavations at the ancient Buddhist iste of Sarnath
• Ashoka went to Bodh Gaya to visit the Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha had his enlightenment, as described his Major Rock Edict No. 8.
• Madhya Pradesh

5. CHAMPANER-PAVAGADH ARCHAEOLOGICAL PARK, GUJARAT (2004)

• Prehistoric (Chalcolithic) sites, a hill fortress of early Hindu Capital, and remains of the 16^th century capital of the state of Gujarat.
• Panchmahal district
• Palaces, entrance gates and arches, mosques, tombs and temples, residential complexes, agricultural structures and water installations such as stepwells and tanks
• The kalikamata Temple on top of Pavagadh Hill is considered to be an important shrine, attracting large numbers of pilgrims throughout the year.
• The site is the only complete and unchanged Islamic pre-Mughal city.

6. CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS (FORMERLY VICTORIA TERMINUS, MAHARASHTRA (2004)

• Example of Victorian Gothic Revival architecture in India blended with themes derving from Indian traditional architecture.
• The building, designed by the British architect F.W. Stevens, became the sybol of Bombay as the ‘Gothic City’ and the major international mercantile port of India. The terminal was built over 10 years, starting in 1878, according to a High Victorian Gothic design based on late medieval Italian models.
• Its remarkable stone dome, turrets, pointed aches and eccentric ground plan are close to traditional Indian palace architecture.

7. CHURCHES AND CONVENTS OF GOA (1986)

• The churches and convents of Goa, particularly the Basilica of Bom Jesus indicate commencement of evangelization in Asia.
• The Basilica of Bom Jesus also houses the sacred tomb of St. Francis Xavier.
• These monuments are well known for spreding manueline, Mannerist and Baroque art in major parts of Asia.

8. ELEPHANTA CAVES, MAHARASHTRA (1987)

• Located at Elephanta island or island of Gharapuri (literally-‘City of Caves’) in the sea of Oman, close to Mumbai.
• Contains a collection of rock-cut stone art connected to the Shaivite cult.
• It is a vital symbol of the greatness of Indian art, especially the huge high reliefs in the main cave.
• They were constructed around the mid-5^th to 6^th centuries AD.
• Show syncretism of Hindu and Buddhist ideas and iconography
• Two group of rock-cut caves, hewn from solid basalt rock.
• Artwork reverentially displays themes from Shaktism and Vaishnavism traditions of Hinduism as well
• Trimurti is considered a masterpiece and the most important sculputure in the caves.
• Trimurti Shiva is flanked on its left by Ardhanarisvara (a half-Shiva, half-Parvati composite) and Gangadhara legend to its right.

9. ELLORA CAVES, MAHARASHTRA (1983)

• Nearly 100kms away from Ajanta caves in the Sahyadri range of Maharashtra.
• It is a group of 34 caves 17 Brahmanical, 12 Buddhist, and 5 Jain.
• These set of caves were developed during the period between the 5^th and 11^th centuries A.D. (newer as compared to Ajanata Caves) by various guilds from Vidarbha, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
• That is why the caves reflect a natural diversity in terms of theme and architectural styles.
• The Ellora complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983.
• The most remarkable of the cave temples is Kailasa (Kailasanatha; cave 16), named for the mountain in the Kailasa Range of the Himalayas where the Hindu god Shiva resides.
• Largest rock-cut monastery-temple cave complexes in the world, featuring Hindu, Buddhist and Jain monuments
• Also features sculputures depicting the gods, goddesses and mythologies found in Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Hindu Epics
• Monuments were built during the Rashtrakuta dynasty
• Occupies a relatively flat rocky region of the Western Ghats.
• Built during the Rashtrakuta dynasty, which constructed part of the Hindu and Buddhist caves, and the Yadava dynasty, which constructed a number of the jain caves.
• Cave 10, chaitya worship hall called the ‘Vishvakarma cave’ (“carpenter’s Cave”)
• Cave 21, also called Rameshwar Lena
• Cave 16, known as the Kailasa temple, Dashvatara Temple, or Cave 15, is another significant excavation
• 05 jain caves belonging to the Digambara sect, Jagannatha Sabha (Cave 33) is the second largest Jain Cave at Ellora

10. FATEHPUR SIKRI, UTTAR PRADESH (1986)

• Built during the second half of the 16^th century by Emperor Akbar, Fatehpur Sikri or ‘The City of Victory’, also served as the capital of the Mughal Empire for a short time period.
• It contains an array of monuments and temples, including one of the largest mosques in India-the Jama Masjid.
• Settlement of the region since the Painted Grey Ware period.
• Sits on rocky ridge and modelled on Timurid forms and styles
• Built massively and preferably with red sandstone.
• Some of the important building in this city.

1. Buland Darwaza
2. Jama Masjid
3. Tom of Salim Chisti
4. Diwan-i-Aam (Public Audience)
5. Diwan-i-Khas (Private Audience)
6. Ibadat Khana
7. Anup Talao
8. Hujra-i-Anup Talao
9. Mariam-uz-Zamani’ Palace
10. Naubat Khana
11. Pachisi Court
12. Panch Mahal
13. Birbal’s House
14. Hiran Minar

11. GREAT LIVING CHOLA TEMPLES, TAMIL NADU (1987,2004)

• Built by kings of the Chola Empire, these temples manifest the precision and perfection of the Cholas in architecture, sculpture, and painting, and bronze casting.
• This site includes three 11^th and 12^th century tempels; Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondazholisvaram, and Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram.
• The temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram built by Rajendra the First in 1035 and the Airavatesvara Temple built by Rjaraja the second, feature vimana (sanctum tower) of 53m and 24m respectively.
• Airavatesvara Temple is one among a cluster of eighteen medieval era large Hindu temples in the Kumbakonam area. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It also reverentially displays vaishnavism and Shaktism traditions.
• Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva. One of the largest South Indian temples and an exemplary example of fully realized Tamil architecture. Built by Raja Raja Chola I. built out of granite. Brass Nataraja- Shiva as the Lord of dance.
• Gangaikondacholapuram Temple is a Hindu temple completed in 1035 AD by Rajendra Chola I. Dedicated to Shiva and based on a square plan, but the temple reverentially displays Vaishnavism, Shaktism.

12. GROUP OF MONUMENTS AT HAMPI, KARNATAKA (1986)

• This site was the last capital of the kingdom of Vijaynagar.
• These Dravidian temples and palaces were built by rulers of Vijaynagar between the 14^th and 16^th
• In 1565, the city was captured by Deccan Muslim Confederacy and pillaged for a period of 6 months, before being abandoned.
• Virupaksha Temple, an active Adi Shankara
• Tungbhadra River
• Ashokan epigraphy, and its is mentioned in the Ramayana and the Puranas of Hinduism as Pampaa Devi Tritha Kshetra
• Located in hilly terrain formed by granite boulders
• Virupaksha temple is the oldest shrine
• Reliefs of Jain temples at Hampi includes Hemkut Jain temples, Ratnantraykut, Parsvanath Charan and Ganagitti Jain temples

13. GROUP OF MONUMENTS AT MAHABALIPURAM, TAMILNADU (1984)

• This group of monuments was founded by Pallava kings in the 7^th and 8^th centuries along the Coromandel Coast of Bay of Bengal.
• These temples boast of intricate and unique architectural styles in the form of rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries) and gaint open-air reliefs such as descent of the Ganges or Arjuna’s Penance.’
• It also encloses the temple of Rivage, with thousands of scultptures dedicated to the glory of Shiva.
• Seven Pagodas. The Shore Temple complex is near the Mamallapuram shore
• Krishna’s Butterball (also known as Vaan Irai Kal) and Krisha’s Gigantic Butterball) is a gigantic granite boulder resting on a short incline in the historical coastal resort town.

14. GROUP OF MONUMENTS AT PATTADAKAL, KARNATAKA (1987)

• Pattadakal in Karnataka showcases a unique blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India, achieved under the Chalukya dynasty during the 7^th and 8^th
• It comprises nine Hindu temples as well as a Jain sanctuary including the temple of Virupaksah, a masterpiece built in c. 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her husband’s victory.
• Hindu and Jain temples
• West bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote District
• Pattadakallu or Raktapura
• Harmonious blend of architectural forms from northern and southern India
• Jain temple is only dedicated to a single Jina
• Virupaksha temple is an active house of Hindu worship
• Reflect a fusion of two major Indian architectural styles, one from north India (Rekha-Nagara-Prasada) and other from south India (Dravida-Vimana).
• Other temples

1. Kadasiddheswara Temple
2. Jambulinga Temple
3. Galaganatha Temple
4. Chandrashekhara Temple
5. Sangameshwara Temple/Vijayeshvara Temple
6. Kashivishweswara
7. Mallikarjuna Temple
8. Virupaksha Temple
9. Papanatha Temple
10. Jaina Temple

15. HIIL FORTS OF RAJASTHAN, RAJASTHAN (2013)

• This site includes six majestic forts situated in Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Sawai Madhopur, Jaisalmer, Jaipur and Jhalawar, all situated in the state of Rajasthan.
• The magnificent and stalwart exterior of the forts manifests the lifestyle and nature of the Rjaput rule over this land from 8^th and 18^th
• These fortifications enclose urban centres, palaces, trading centers and temples, where various forms of art and culture flourished.
• Some of the urban centres, as well as most of the temples and other sacred places, have survived as the forts used natural resources such as hill, deserts, forests etc. for protection.
• The UNCESCO series has been increased to six forts. They consist of:

1. Chittor Fort Chittorgarh
2. Kumbhalgarh Fort at Kumbhalgarh
3. Ranthambore Forts at Sawai Madhopur
4. Gagron Fort at Jhalawar
5. Amer For at Jaipur
6. Jaisalmer Fort at Jaisalmer

16. HISTORIC CITY OF AHMEDABAD, GUJRAT (2017)

• Located on the eastern bank of Sabarmati River, this city was founded by Sultan Ahmad Shah in the 15^th It also seved as the capital of the state of Gujrat for centuries.
• This city is a testimony to the harmonious existence of diverse religious on this land, exhibited by its architecture which inlcides the famous Bhadra Citadel accompanied by various mosques, tombs as well as numerous Hindu and Jain temples.
• The urban fabric consists of densely-packed traditional houses (pol) in gated traditional streets (puras).
• Sabarmati River. It was known as Ashaval or Ashapalli.
• There is some estimate of the size of city in works of the time: Fersihta, the Ain-i-Akbari, and Mirat-i-Ahmadi.

17. HUMAYUN’S TOMB, DELHI (1993)

• Built in 1570, it has long standing cultural significance because it was the first garden tomb to be constructed in India.
• Tomb of the Mughal Emperor Humayun and first garden tomb on the Indian subcontinent
• It is the tomb complex of Isa Khan Niyazi, an Afghan noble in Sher Shah Suri’s court of the Suri Dynasty
• The tombs of Battashewala Complex lie in the buffer zone
• Building was first to use its unique combination of red sandstone and white marble, and includes several elements of Indian architectural, like the small canopies, or chhatris surrounding the central dome, popular in Rajasthani architecture and which were originally covered with blue tiles
• Inspired by Persian architecture
• The combination of red sandstone and white marble was previously seen in Delhi Sultanate Period tombs and mosques, most distinctively in the highly decorative Alai Darwaza gatehouse in the Qutub Complex, Mehrauli
• Represented a leap in Muhal architecture, and together with its accomplished Charbagh Garden, typical of Persian Gardens, but never seen before in India
• This tomb was the inspiration behind several architectural innovations including the Taj Mahal.
• Other Monuments

1. Nila Gumbad or ‘Blue Dome’
2. Nai-ka-Gumbad, or Barber’s Tomb
3. Chillah Nizamuddin Aulia
4. Arab serai
5. Afsarwala Tomb and mosque
6. Bu Halima’s Tomnb and Garden
7. Tomb and mosque of Isha Khan

18. JAIPUR CITY, RAJASTHAN (2019)

• It was founded in 1727 AD by the then Kachwaha Rajput ruler of Amber, Sawai Jai Singh II. It also serves as the capital city of the state of Rajasthan.
• The city was established on the plains and built according to a grid plan interpreted in the light of Vedic architecture.
• The city’s urban planning shown as exchange of ideas from ancient Hindu and modern Mughal as well as Western cultures.
• Designed to be commercial capital, the city has maintained its local commercial, artisanal and cooperative traditions to this day.
• The iconic monuments in the city include the Govind Dev Temple, city Palace, Jantar Mantar, Hawa Mahal, Amber Fort etc.
• Jaipur has become the second city of the country after Ahmedabad to get the recognition of the World Heritage Site.

19. KHAJURAHO GROUP OF MONUMENTS, MADHYA PRADESH (1986)

• These temples were built the Chandella dynasty, which reached at its pinnacle between 950 and 1050.
• Only 20 temples remain, belonging to two different religions namely-Hinduism and Jainism, including the famous Temple of Kandariya decorated with intricately and beautifully carved sculptures.
• Group of Hindu temples and Jain temples in Chhatarpurt district
• Famous for their nagara style architectural symbolism
• 10^th century Bhand Deva Temple in Rajshthan was built in the style of the Khajuraho monuments and is often referred to as Little ‘Khajuraho’
• Reigns of the Hindu kings Yashovarman and Dhanga
• Temple site is within Vindhya mountain range in central India
• Largest surviving Shiva Temple is Khandarya Mahadeva, while the largest surviving Vaishnava group includes Chaturbhuja and Ramachandra.
• Almost all Hindu temple designs, follow a grid geometrical design called Vastu-purusha-Mandala
• Temples are grouped into three geographical divisions: Western, Eastern and Southern.
• Made of sandstone, with granite foundation that is almost concealed from view.
• Khajuraho group of temple belong to Vaishnavism school of Hinduism, Saivism school of Hinduism and Jainism-nearly a third each.
• Represent one expression of many forms of arts that flourished in Rajput kingdoms

20. MAHABODHI TEMPLE COMPLEX AT BODH GAYA, BIHAR (2002)

• This temple was earlier built by Emperor Asoka in 3^rd century B.C. However, the present structure dates back to the 5^th or 6^th
• It is one of the earliest Buddhist temples built entirely in brick and considered to be one of the four sacred sites associated with the life of Gautama Buddha.
• Mostly made of brick covered with stucco, materials that are much less durable than stone
• A stylistic feature that has continued in Jain and Hindu temples to the present day, and influenced Buddhist architecture in other countries, in forms like the pagoda.
• Temple in the shape of a trauncated pyramid was derived from the design of the stepped stupas which had developed in Gandhara.
• The Mahabodhi Temple adapted the Gandharan design of a succession of steps with niches containing Buddha images, alternating with Greo-Roman Pillars.
• Constructed of brick and is one of the oldest brick structure to have survived eastern India. It is considered to be a fine example of Indian brickwork, and was highly influential in the development of later architectural traditions
• Images of the site include Avalokitesvara (Padmapani, Khasarapana), Vajrapani, Tara, Marichi, Yamantaka, Jambhala and Vajrav, Arahi, images of Vishnu, Shiva, Surya and other Vedic deities are also associated with the site.

21. MOUNTAIN RAILWAYS OF INDIA (1999,2005,2008)

• This site includes three Railways:
• Darjeeling Himalayan Railway-West Bengal
• Nilgri Mountain Railway-Tamil Nadu
• Kalka Shimla Railway-Himachal Pradesh
• The fourth railway, the Matheran Hill Railway, is on the tentative list
• All four are narrow guage railways, and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway is also the only rock railway in India.

22. QUTUB MINAR AND ITS MONUMENTS, DELHI (1993)

• Qutub Minar was built in red sandstone in the early 13^th century, in Delhi.
• It is 72.5m high, with diameters of 14.32m and 2.75m at its base and peak respectively.
• The tower is surrounded by various aesthetically-pleasing treasure, for instance- the Alai Darwaza built in 1311 as wll as two mosque including the Quwwatul-Islam, the oldest mosque in northern India.
• The Alai Minar and ther Iron pillar.
• Alai Darwaza is a main gateway from southern side of the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.
• The domed gateway is decorated with red sandstone and inlaid white marble decorations, inscriptions in Naskh Script
• The Slave dynasty did not employ true Islamic architercture styles and used false domes and false arches.
• Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque (also known as the Qutub Mosque or the Great Mosque of Delhi) was commissioned by Qutb-ud-din-Aibak, founder of the Mamluk or Slave dynasty and built using the ruins of 27 Hindu and Jain temples. First mosque built in Delhi after the Islamic conquest of India and the oldest surviving example of Ghurids architecture in Indian Subcontinent
• Reminiscent in style and design of the Adhai-din-ka Jhonpra or Ajmer mosque at Ajmer, Rajasthan, also built by Aibak during the same time
• A Jain templ, which the Jains called elbut-Khana
• Other features
• Iron pillar inscription in Sanskrit in Brahmi Script
• Tomb of Illtutmish
• Tomb of Imam Zamin
• Alauddin Khilji’s Tomb and Madrasa
• Alai Minar of Khilji
• Zafar Mahal, the Jahaz Mahal next to Hauz-i-Shamsi lake

23. RANI KI VAV (THE QUEEN’S STEPWELL) AT PATAN, GUJRAT (2014)

• Situated on the banks of Saraswati River, this stepwell was built as a memorial to a king.
• Stepwells are considered to be easily underground water resource and storage systems, which have been constructed in the Indian subcontinent since the 3^rd millennium B.C.
• This stepwell flaunts the Maru-Gujrat architectural style, designed in the form of an inverted temple to emphasize the sanctity of water and is endowed with more than thousand sculptures depiciting a combination of religious, mythological and secular imagery.
• Chaulukya dynasty
• India’s “cleanest Iconic Place” at the 2016 Indian Sanitation Conference
• Nanda type stepwell

24. RED FORT COMPLEX, DELHI (2007)

• This was built as the palace fort of Shahjahanabad, the capital of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and is named after its immense walls of red Sandstone.
• The Red Fort Complex in entirety, includes the Red Fort as well as Salimgarh fort built in 1546 by Islam Shah Suri.
• Red Fort is a reflection of the acme of Mughal architectural innovation and craftsmanship. The planning of the palace is based on Islamic prototypes, but each structure mirrors architectural elements derived from a combination of Persian, Timurid and Hindu Traditions.
• The row of pavilions is connected by a continuous water channel known as Nashi-i-Behisht (Stream of Paradise)
• Main residence of the Mughal Emperors
• Originally red and white, its painting is credited to architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori, who also constructed the Taj Mahal.
• Every year on India’s Independence Day (15 August), the prime minister of India hoists the national flag
• The Lahori Gate is the main gate
• Naubat Khana
• Diwan-i-Aam, the public Audience Hall-place for the official affairs of the commoners who sought after legal matters such as tax issues, hereditary complications.
• Pavilions are connected by a canl, known as the Nahr-i-Bihisht (“Stream of Paradise”)
• The khas Mahal was the emperor’s apartment.
• Diwan-i-khas (Hall of Private Audience) constructed of white marble, inlaid with precious stones.
• The baoli or step well, believed to pre date the Red Fort, is one of the few monuments that were not demolished by the British after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
• The hammam were the imperial baths, consisting of three domed rooms with white marble patterned floors.
• Moti Masjid, the pearl Mosque/ Hira Mahal (“Diamond Palace”).
• Hayat Bakhsh Bagh and the Shahi Burj is the quarter of the imperial princes.

25. ROCK SHELTERS OF BHIMBETKA, MADHYA PRADESH (2003)

• These shelters are located within the foothills of Vindhya Range, on the southern edge of the central Indian plateau.
• Uneathed in the form of five clusters of natural rock shelters exhibiting painting that date back to the Mesolithic, and other periods succeeding it.
• The cultural traditions of the inhabitants in surrounding areas are very similar to those displayed in the paintings.
• Prehistoric Palelithic and Mesholithic Periods.
• Bhimbetka site has the oldest known rock art in India.
• As February 2021, Dickinsonia (Dickinsonia is an extinct genues of basal animal that lived during the late Ediacaran period in what is now Astralia, China, India, Russia and Ukraine) has been reported at Bhimbetka.
• Feture prehistoric cave painting show themes such as animals, early evidence of dance and hunting.
• Inside the Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary, embedded in sandstone rocks
• Seven hills: Vinayaka, Bhonrawali, Bhimbetka, Lakha Jaur (east and west), Jhondra and Muni Babaki Pahari.
• Barkheda has been identified as the source of the raw material used in some of the monoliths discovered at Bhimbetka
• These are linear representations, in green and dark red, of huge figures of animal such as bison, tigers and rhinoceroses.
• Weapons used by hunters: barbed spears, pointed sticks, bows and arrows
• Contact with the agricultural communities of the Malwa plains, exchanging goods with them.
• Schematic and decorative style and are painted mainly in red, white and yellow.
• The colors used by the cave dwellers prepared by combining black manganese oxides, red hematite and charcoal.

26. SUN TEMPLE, KONARK, ODISHA (1984)

• Konark Sun Temple, located in East Odisha near the sacred city of Puri.
• Built in 13^th century by King Narasimhadeva I (AD 1238-1264). Its scale, refinement, and conception represent the strength and stability of the Ganga Empire as well as the value systems of the Historic milieu.
• The temple is designed in the shape of a colossal chariot. It is dedicated to the Sun God. In this sense, it is directly and materially linked to Brahmanism and tantric blief systems.
• The Konark temple is widely known not only for its architectural grandeur but also for the intricacy and profusion of sculputural work.
• It marks the highest point of achievement of Kalinga Architecture depiciting the grace, the Joy, and the rhythm of life all its wondrous variety.
• There are two rows of 12 wheels on each side of the Konark Sun Temple. Some say the wheels represent the 24 hours in a day other say the 12 months.
• The seven horses are said to symbolize the seven days of the week.
• Sailors once called this Sun Temple of Konark, the Black Pagoda because it was supposed to draw ship into the shore and cause shipwrecks.
• Konark is the invaluable link in the history of the diffusion of the cult of Surya, which originating in Kashmir during the 8^th century, finally reached the shores of Eastern India.
• Also known for its erotic sculptures of maithunas
• The stone temple was made from three types of stone. Chlorite, Laterite and Khondalite

 

Name of Post:	Bihar Police BPSSC Sub Inspector Recruitment 2023 Apply Online for 1275 SI Post
Post Date / Update:	05 October 2023 | 10:05 AM
Short Information :	Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission (BPSSC) has released the Sub Inspector SI notification for the recruitment of 1275 Post 2023. All the candidates who are interested in this BPSSC Advt No 02/2023 Police Sub-Inspectors in Home (Police) Dept., Govt. of Bihar Recruitment 2023 Can Apply Online 05/10/2023 to 05/11/2023. See the advertisement for information related to age limit, syllabus, PET, selection procedure, pay scale in BPSSC Daroga Recruitment 2023.

Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission (BPSSC) Bihar Police BPSSC Sub Inspector SI Recruitment 2023 Bihar Police Sub Inspector Advt No. : 02/2023 Short Details of Notification

Important Dates Application Begin : 05/10/2023 Last Date for Apply Online : 05/11/2023 Pay Exam Fee Last Date : 05/11/2023 Exam Date :As per Schedule

Application Fee General / OBC/ EWS / Other State : 700/- SC / ST /: 400/- Female Candidate (Bihar Dom.) : 400/- Pay the Exam Fee Through Online / Offline Fee Mode Only

BPSSC SI Sub Inspector Notification 2023 :  Age Limit as on 01/08/2023 Minimum Age : 20 Years Maximum Age : 37 Years for Male Maximum Age : 40 Years for Female Read the Notification for Age Relaxation in BPSSC Sub Inspector SI Recruitment 2023.

Bihar Police SI Recruitment 2023 Vacancy Details Total : 1275 Post

Post Name

Total Post

Bihar Police Sub Inspector Eligibility

Police Sub-Inspectors in Home (Police) Dept., Govt. of Bihar

1275

Bachelor Degree in Any Recognized University in India. More Eligibility Details Read the Notification

Bihar Police Sub Inspector Notification 2023: Category Wise Vacancy Details

Post Name

UR

EWS

EBC

OBC

BC Female

SC

ST

Transgender

Sub Inspector SI – 1275 Post

441

111

238

107

82

275

16

05

Bihar Police SI Sub Inspector Exam 2023 :  Physical Eligibility Details

Type

Male

Female

Gen/OBC

Other

Gen/OBC

Other

Height

165 CMS

160 CMS

155 CMS

155 CMS

Chest

81-86 CMS

79-84 CMS

NA

NA

Running

1.6 KM in 6 Min 30 Second

1 Km in 6 Minutes

High Jump

4 Feet

3 Feet

Long Jump

12 Feet

9 Feet

Gola Fek

16 Pound Through 16 Feet

12 Pound Through 10 Feet

How to Fill Bihar BPSSC Sub Inspector SI Online Form 2023   Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission (BPSSC) Are Issued Sub Inspector, SI Recruitment Advt No. 02/2023 Notification 2023 and Invited Online Application Form for the BPSSC Advt No 02/2023 Candidate Can Apply Online for 05/10/2023 to 05/11/2023. Kindly Check and Collect the All Document – Hand Writing, Eligibility, ID Proof, Address Details, Basic Details. Kindly Ready Scan Document Related to Recruitment Form – Photo, Sign, ID, Thumb, Proof, Etc. Before Submit the Application Form Must Check the Preview and All Column Carefully. If Candidate Required to Paying the Application Fee Must Submit. If You have Not the Required Application Fees Your Form is Not Completed. Take A Print Out of Final Submitted Form.

Interested Candidates Can Read the Full Notification Before Apply Online.

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